Eye health – Herbal Reality

Eye health

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 14:52:52 +0000

It is estimated that everyone will experience vision impairment or an eye condition at some point in their life. We explore natural medicine for eye health.

Understanding eye health

The eyes are our portal to the visual world, with vision being considered the most dominant of the human senses (1). Nowadays, the eyes are overloaded with stimuli from artificial lighting and screens, stimuli unlike those the eyes encounter in the natural world. Aside from the strain this over-exposure to unnatural lighting puts on the eyes themselves, this stimulation is also a lot for the nervous system to process which can lead to stress headaches.

Our eyes are further exposed to pollutants, which can cause irritations to the eyes, and possible inflammations and infections such as blepharitis and conjunctivitis.

It is estimated that everyone will experience vision impairment or an eye condition at some point in their life and require eye care services, and that there is a direct link between eye health, reducing visual impairment, and overall good health and wellbeing (1).

Whilst some eye conditions have genetic factors, many are also contributed to by lifestyle (such as food and exercise), environment (including exposure to pollutants, infectious diseases, and ultraviolet lights), and social and economic factors (including poverty or low income which will impact access to eye healthcare and quality food providing nutrients valuable for supporting eye health).

The leading causes of visual impairments globally are (2):

Age-related macular degeneration
Cataract
Diabetic retinopathy
Glaucoma
Uncorrected refractive errors

Factors affecting visual impairment vary depending on the place in the world, but in the UK it tends to be age-related pathologies which affect the eyes the most. There is a worldwide increase in diabetic retinopathy (1), a complication of diabetes affecting the eyes and potentially leading to loss of vision, as well as eye issues associated with hypertension, which is also on the rise.

Herbs and lifestyle factors can provide support that benefits eye health.

How does eye health work?

When considering eye health and the potential for pathologies, there are three main aspects to consider:

Structural components of the eye itself, and their function in vision.
The nerve connections between the eye and the central nervous system.
The blood supply to the eye.

Overview of how the eye works to produce vision

The ability to see clearly relies on a system between the eyes and the nervous system whereby light stimuli activates neuronal impulses with which the brain creates 3D images. This system that provides vision relies on the structural and physiological integrity of the eyes and brain, and the neural connections between them.

The main structural components of the eye that play an important role in this are the cornea and lens at the front of the eye, which focus light onto retinal photoreceptors (1). The iris (the coloured part of the eye) controls the amount of light that reaches the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil. Light reaches the retina at the back of the eye, where the optical images are converted into electrical signals which are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, which travels from the back of the eye to the brain.

The white of the eye is also known as the sclera, and at the front of the eye is covered by a membranous layer called the conjunctiva. The macula makes up part of the retina at the back of the eye and is responsible for visual acuity and colour vision. The macula is also called the ‘macula lutea’, lutea meaning yellow, and this yellow pigment is what protects the cells of the macular from the potentially harmful effects of sunlight, and the LED screens of computers and phones. The eyes would have evolved being exposed to bright sunlight during daylight hours, whereas now screens and artificial light are available at any time of day or night.

The blood vessels which supply and drain blood away from the eyes, enter at the back of the eye close to the optic nerve. The main arteries providing blood supply to the eyes are the ophthalmic artery, and the central retinal artery (3).

The health and function of all these structures of the eye are important for eye health.

Understanding the root of healthy vision

There are various biological, environmental, and socioeconomic factors which occur at different stages of life and contribute to the trajectory of individual eye health. Some eye health conditions are determined in part by genetics, some of these tend to occur with age such as cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration, with additional risk factors which may include lifestyle elements such as smoking, alcohol use, and lack of nutrition.

Some eye complaints are linked directly to other health conditions such as retinopathy are caused by diabetes or hypertension. However, at each stage of life there are factors that can impact the likelihood of eye health issues arising.

Before birth genetic determinants, maternal nutrition, intrauterine infection, and maternal smoking can contribute to the picture of eye health, whilst premature birth and low birth weight can be risk factors for eye health issues.

During childhood nutrition, environment, and activity are key components which contribute to eye health. Whilst in adult life the eyes are perhaps overly stimulated, during childhood visual stimulus is actually vital for healthy eye development (such as colour, movement, shapes, faces, etc). Between birth and eight years of age, deprivation of visual stimuli can lead to vision impairment (1).

During childhood and adolescence spending adequate time outdoors in natural lighting is important for eye health. In east Asian cities in the past few decades, there has been an increasingly high prevalence of myopia (short-sightedness) in school children, with up to 20% of school leavers completing secondary education having this eye condition, which is thought to be linked to lifestyle changes meaning that children spend less time outside (4).

Pathologies of the eyes

Dry eye: Lack of tear film over the cornea and conjunctiva of the eyes. Common in older age, can be due to lack of tear volume, or poor tear quality. Also in rarer cases dry eye is a symptom of other conditions affecting connective tissues such as Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus).
Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids, around 35% of chronic cases of blepharitis are linked to dry eyes.
Conjunctivitis: Inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, most common eyes complaint seen in healthcare settings.
Diabetic retinopathy: Causes damage to the blood vessels supplying the retina and is a major cause of blindness in working-age adults. It can be linked to duration of diabetes, blood glucose levels, and blood pressure. Managing blood sugar levels can help to reduce the risk of diabetic retinopathy (5). It is often asymptomatic until later stages of disease development, and detected at eye examination, therefore eye examinations are particularly important for people with a diabetes diagnosis.
Hypertensive retinopathy: Damage to the retinal vascular tissue caused by high blood pressure. When hypertension and diabetes are combined there is an increased risk of vision loss.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Changes in the macular tissue of the retina can lead to visual disturbances and eventually loss of vision. It is the most common cause of permanent, irreversible vision loss in older adults (6).
Glaucoma: A change in pressure within the eyes, which can lead to compression of the optic nerve, or reduced blood supply. This can lead to irreversible loss of vision, and glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness worldwide (7), it can occur at any age but is more common past the age of 60 years.
Cataracts: A degenerative opacity of the lens of the eye and is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. It occurs most commonly with aging, in some cases is congenital, but some risk factors are lifestyle related, such as alcohol use, smoking, exposure to x-ray, undernutrition, and diabetes (8).

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of eye issues can include:

Itching
Irritation
Foreign body sensation (which continues when there is no obvious foreign body)
Discharge
Sensation of dryness
Photophobia
Visual disturbances (such as blurring or lights)
Loss of vision

The following are symptoms more specific to certain conditions.

Dry eye symptoms: Itching, burning, irritation, photophobia
Blepharitis symptoms: Itching and burning of eyelid edges, irritation of conjunctiva, photosensitivity, foreign body sensation
Conjunctivitis symptoms: Discharge, itching or foreign body sensation, photophobia

The following conditions occur either as a complication of another pathology (such as diabetes or hypertension) or tend to occur with age (such as AMD, glaucoma, cataracts). These eye conditions are usually detected at standard eye examinations since they often remain asymptomatic until the later stages.

Diabetic retinopathy symptoms: Often asymptomatic (eye check important), but can cause gradually worsening vision, blurred or patchy vision, black spot floaters, or flashing lights in field of vision, eye pain or redness, difficulty seeing in the dark and sudden severe, painless loss of vision (5,9)
Hypertensive retinopathy symptoms: Symptoms usually only appear late in the disease, and it is often diagnosed by eye examination
AMD symptoms: Dry AMD — painless loss of central vision over years, central blind spots occur later in disease; Wet AMD— rapid vision loss over days or weeks, usually beginning with visual distortion such as blind spots or curving of straight lines (6)
Glaucoma symptoms: Glaucoma is often asymptomatic but can present with abnormal optic disc detected at eye examination, optic nerve damage, and visual field deficits (7)
Cataracts symptoms: Initial symptoms can be gradual over many years, including halos or starbursts around lights, needing more light to see well, difficulty distinguishing dark blue from black, and eventually a painless, gradual blurring of the vision (8).

Herbs for healthy eyes

Whilst many eye conditions have a genetic component to them, particularly those which are more common with age such as AMD, glaucoma, and cataracts, there are still many factors to consider which may be beneficial in easing the progression of these conditions, or as a prophylaxis to prevent or delay onset. Herbs for improving the integrity of blood vessels, circulation, and therefore blood vessels of the eyes and retinal blood flow, such as bilberry and ginkgo biloba are particularly helpful and may be considered.

Herbs which can support eye health with infections, inflammations, and irritations include those which have anti-inflammatory properties such as eyebright, plantain, and calendula. Astringent properties are beneficial to tone the tissues when applied topically such as fennel, raspberry leaf, and pomegranate.

Dietary and lifestyle measures to support eye health can be seen in the holistic solutions section.

Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis)

Eyebright

Eyebright has a long history of affinity with the eyes as suggested by its name, with traditional use being noted as far back as the 14^th century where it was said to ‘cure all evils of the eyes.’ Its Latin name Euphrasia was taken from the Greek euphrosyne meaning gladness, and was apparently due to its use in folk medicine for eye complaints (10).

Eyebright acts as an astringent and tonic for mucous membranes when taken internally or applied topically (11), and these properties mean it can help with complaints of the eyes which produce discharge, such as conjunctivitis, or allergic rhinitis / hayfever where the eyes are affected.

Topically a well-strained infusion can make an excellent eye wash also for its astringency and anti-inflammatory properties helping to soothe and reduce secretions from inflamed eyes. It has also been shown to have an anti-microbial effect making it useful in cases of bacterial conjunctivitis.

A study looked at the activity of three types of eyebright extract on human corneal epithelial cells. Of the three extracts used ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were most useful, whereas heptane extract was not recommended and demonstrated some toxicity whereas the other two extracts did not show toxicity.

The ethanol and ethyl extracts demonstrated beneficial effects in free radical scavenging and reducing their toxicity in the corneal cell cultures. The authors suggested that these types of extract may be beneficial for treating dry eye and allergies affecting the eyes. They also seemed to reduce inflammation, which was perhaps through an immunomodulatory action rather than a direct anti-inflammatory action (12).

This study was carried out in vitro on cultures of human corneal cells so is not directly applicable to use in humans; however, it does identify mechanisms of action which may explain the long history of traditional application of eyebright as a treatment for eye complaints.

Calendula

Calendula is a wonderful wound healing herb and soother of the skin. It can be applied topically as a wash or soak (made from the infusion, well strained, and left to cool) for the eyes. The combination of astringency and anti-inflammatory properties allow marigold to provide relief from inflammations of the eyes such as in blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and other inflammatory or irritable eye conditions where itching or discharge may be present.

Pomegranate

Pomegranate has an astringent action and provides anti-inflammatory actions for mucous membranes, which may explain its traditional Ayurvedic application in cases of conjunctivitis (13).

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)

Bilberry

Bilberry is rich in polyphenols (providing the deep purple pigment), the specific compounds are anthocyanins which provide a potent antioxidant action. This polyphenol content helps to protect against free-radical damage, inflammation, promotes tissue repair, and specifically improves integrity of blood vessels, and circulation. This is particularly helpful in cases of hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy.

There is also suggestion that bilberries are beneficial for overall eye health by promoting the oxygen and blood supply to the eyes and offering relief of eye fatigue from working at computer screens.

Herbalists also recommend bilberry in cases of macular degeneration, eyestrain, and glaucoma (11).

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba has been found to be helpful in improving blood flow and tissue oxygenation. It is recommended to improve blood flow to the retina, and in managing cases of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (11).

There are some cases of adulteration with ginkgo extracts, and most studies on its use are based on high dosage extracts. If you are thinking of taking ginkgo for management of an ongoing eye condition it is recommended to seek guidance of a herbalist who will be able to ensure the quality and relevant dosage of any ginkgo extracts given. You can see where to find a herbalist on our website.

Holistic solutions

Nutrition

Sufficient nutrition is essential for development of healthy eyes, maintaining eye health, and as a preventative for some eye conditions. Particularly important are foods rich in antioxidants, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A.

The following are recommended as management for age related macular degeneration (6):

Zinc oxide 80 mg
Copper 2 mg
Vitamin C 500 mg
Vitamin E 400 IU units
Lutein 10 mg (or beta-carotene 15 mg or vitamin A 28,000 units for patients who have not smoked)
Regular consumption of foods high in omega-3 fatty acids.
Regular consumption of dark green leafy vegetables may slow progression of the condition.

For cases of diabetes managing blood sugar will be helpful in reducing risk of developing complications such as diabetic retinopathy.

Overall eye health practices

Regular screen breaks (looking into the distance to change focus, gentle blinking to refresh lenses, eye palming to relax eye muscles, and eye movements).
Yoga eye exercises can help to strengthen eye muscles and reduce eye strain.
Tratak is a Yoga meditation practice which also benefits the eyes. Gazing at the steady flame of a candle in a darkened room or gazing at a dot such as a bhindi fixed on the wall at eye-level. Gentle gaze without blinking until eyes begin to water, and then close eyes and keep focus on the image of the flame or dot with closed eyes. When finishing the practice palm eyes and gentle blink open and closed before removing hands. This can be a beneficial practice in the evening or before bed, to help to reduce eye strain especially after screen time.

References

The Lancet Global Health 2021. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30488-5. Accessed August 7, 2023.
WHO. Blindness and Vision Impairment. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment. Accessed August 7, 2023.
MSD Manuel Consumer Version. Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Vessels of the Eye. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/biology-of-the-eyes/muscles-nerves-and-blood-vessels-of-the-eyes. Accessed August 10, 2023.
Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw SM. Ophthalmology 2 Myopia. Lancet. 2012;379:1739–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60272-4.
MSD Manuel Professional Version. Diabetic Retinopathy. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/retinal-disorders/diabetic-retinopathy?query=retinopathy. Accessed August 10, 2023.
MSD Manuel Professional Version. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/retinal-disorders/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd-or-armd?query=macular%20degeneration. Accessed August 10, 2023.
MSD Manuel Professional Version. Overview of Glaucoma. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/glaucoma/overview-of-glaucoma?query=glaucoma. Accessed August 10, 223.
MSD Manuel Professional Version. Cataract. Cataract – Eye Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com). Accessed August 10, 2023.
NHS. Diabetic Retinopathy. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/. Accessed 11 August, 2023.
Bone K, Mills S. Principles And Practice Of Phytotherapy. China: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2000.
Bone, K, The Ultimate Herbal Compendium. Warwick, Queensland: Phytotherapy Press; 2007.
Paduch R, Woźniak A, Niedziela P, Rejdak R. Assessment of eyebright (euphrasia officinalis L.) extract activity in relation to human corneal cells using in vitro tests. Balkan Med J. 2014;31(1):29-36. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.8377.
Frawley D, Lad V. The Yoga of Herbs. 2^nd ed. Twin Lakes: Lotus Light Publications; 2008.

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Blepharitis and conjunctivitis

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 29 Jun 2022 15:27:11 +0000

Blepharitis and conjunctivitis are both inflammatory eye conditions. We explore the causes and treatments for both of these conditions.

Understanding blepharitis and conjunctivitis

Blepharitis and conjunctivitis are both inflammatory eye conditions. Although they present with some similar symptoms such as itchy eyes and photosensitivity (sensitivity to light) (1, 2), they are two distinct conditions affecting different parts of the eye.

There are some possible common causes for both conditions, such as being of bacterial or viral origin, and whilst blepharitis can in some cases lead to conjunctivitis, an important distinguishing factor between them is that blepharitis is usually non-contagious, whereas conjunctivitis is often contagious (can be passed from one person to another).

Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids and thought to be one of the most commonly encountered eye conditions, in the US alone an estimated 5% of patients visiting healthcare providers present with signs or symptoms of blepharitis, and over 37 – 47% of those attending appointments with ophthalmologists and optometrists (3). In the UK 71% of cases of eye inflammation presenting to the emergency department are attributed to blepharitis and conjunctivitis (4).

Blepharitis may be acute or chronic. Acute blepharitis symptoms tend to be present over a shorter period of time, and it can be ulcerative or nonulcerative. Chronic blepharitis tends to present with symptoms over a longer period of time, or symptoms that keep recurring, and can be linked to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) or seborrheic blepharitis (1). Research found that over 35% of chronic blepharitis diagnoses are associated with MGD and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) (5).

In cases associated with blepharitis, it is specifically ‘evaporative’ keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which is caused by loss of the tear film in the eye due to abnormally rapid evaporation, probably resulting from a degraded normal oil layer such as in seborrheic blepharitis. This is sometimes also referred to as ‘dry eye’ (6).

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, which is the mucous membrane covering the sclera (white part of the eyeball). It is the most common eye complaint presenting in healthcare settings which features redness of the eye (7). Conjunctivitis is usually acute, which refers to symptoms lasting between 3 – 4 weeks (although this is usually 1 – 2 weeks and the condition is often self-limiting), chronic conjunctivitis is defined as lasting more than 4 weeks.

How do blepharitis and conjunctivitis work?

Despite being an extremely common eye complaint, the understanding of how blepharitis works is still somewhat confusing due to categorisation of primary or secondary, and acute, or chronic, and the various factors which influence those.

Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelid margin, and often categorised based on the location of this inflammation (1).

Lash margin involvement is referred to as anterior blepharitis and can involve staphylococcal or seborrheic blepharitis. When the meibomian gland posterior to the lash margin is involved, usually as MGD, this is referred to as posterior blepharitis.

Blepharitis appearing in the canthal region (the corners of the eyes where the upper and lower lids meet), it is referred to as angular blepharitis, and this is often independent of anterior or posterior blepharitis. Marginal blepharitis refers collectively to involvement of both anterior and posterior blepharitis (8).

Understanding the root

Despite how common blepharitis is, the precise pathogenesis is still under investigation and discerning the root is somewhat complex with many various possibilities. It is hypothesized to be multifactorial, including inflammatory skin conditions (in many cases it is associated with dermatological conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, and eczema (3), chronic lid margin infections, and parasitic infections.

Blepharitis is categorised as ‘primary’ or ‘secondary’, which although can be somewhat confusing along with the acute and chronic categorisation, it does provide some information about its origin or root.

Primary blepharitis tends to arise as part of a more complex aetiology, which often encompasses skin conditions including rosacea, seborrhea, or hypersensitivity caused by staphylococcal toxins (8).

Secondary blepharitis is usually an infectious process, which may be bacterial, viral, from phthiriasis (wasting of the tissues), or an infestation of demodex (mites that live on hair follicles) and tends to be a result of these distinct disease entities, where treatment of the underlying infection or infestation will often result in the resolution of the blepharitis (8).

However, there is overlap between primary and secondary blepharitis, their presenting signs and symptoms, and further classification of acute and chronic blepharitis.

The acute and chronic classification for blepharitis perhaps provides clearer understanding of the roots of the condition.

Acute blepharitis can be ulcerative or non-ulcerative. Acute ulcerative blepharitis is normally secondary to an infection of the eyelid margin where the eyelashes begin, which becomes inflamed, affecting the lash follicles and meibomian gland function. It is usually of bacterial origin (often staphylococcal) and presents with crusting. It can also be of viral origin (herpes simplex, or varicella zoster), which tends to present with a clearer liquid discharge (1).

Acute non-ulcerative blepharitis is usually an allergic reaction affecting the same part of the eyelid margin and can be associated with an atopic blepharo-dermatitis or seasonal allergic blepharo-conjunctivitis.

Chronic blepharitis is a non-infectious inflammation, usually of unknown origin, and often with meibomian gland dysfunction or seborrheic dermatitis. Secondary keratoconjunctivitis sicca usually accompanies chronic blepharitis resulting in ‘dry-eyes’.

The meibomian glands produce lipid (meibum) which forms a lipid layer on the eyelid border. The function of this lipid layer is to reduce the evaporation of tears, keeping the eyes sufficiently moist. In meibomian gland dysfunction the ducts of the glands become blocked with waxy deposits, due to a change in the composition of the lipids, and possibly due to crusting which builds up (often associated with seborrheic dermatitis or acne rosacea). These deposits on the eyelid borders also provide sites for bacterial colonisation.

This emphasises the importance of eye hygiene during bouts of blepharitis in order to remove any waxy deposits or crusting which builds up around the eyelid margin.

Blepharitis can lead to conjunctivitis due to irritation from eyelashes become redirected inwards, from waxy / crusty deposits, infection from bacterial build-up, or ‘dry-eye’ due to tear evaporation.

Conjunctivitis itself is usually due to either an infection of bacterial or viral origin, an allergy, or an irritation from foreign bodies such as dust, wind, smoke, chemicals, and other types of air pollutants. It tends to present with reddening (hyperemia) of the conjunctiva and discharge from the eyes (2).

Conjunctivitis is often acute and self-limiting (it will clear-up within a week or two), but in some instances it can be chronic, such as infections, allergic conditions, and in other cases such as changes to the shape of the eyelid (ectropion / entropion), or blepharitis.

Acute conjunctivitis can be caused by many different bacteria but can be chronic in certain instances when the origin is chlamydia. Bacterial conjunctivitis can also be caused by gonorrhoeae, which is usually due to sexual contact with someone who has genital infection (14).

Viral conjunctivitis is highly infectious, usually acute, and accounts for 80% of all acute cases of conjunctivitis (9). It is caused by an adenovirus in around 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases, often associated with the common cold, or other less common viruses such as measles, chickenpox, rubella, and mumps, it tends to be self-limiting. Between 1.3 – 4.8% of viral conjunctivitis cases can be linked to enteroviruses or herpes simplex virus. It can also manifest in cases of Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections, which is why testing for conjunctivitis must be carried out with caution (10).

Signs and symptoms

Blepharitis

Symptoms common to all forms of blepharitis include:

Itching and burning of the eyelid margins
Conjunctival irritation with lacrimation
Photosensitivity
Foreign body sensation.

Symptoms tend to be worse in the early morning than those of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which tend to be worse toward the end of the day.

Symptoms of acute blepharitis

In acute ulcerative blepharitis in addition to the above pustules can develop in eyelash follicles and turn into small ulcers. If this type of ulcerative blepharitis is recurring, it can cause scars and misdirection of eyelashes.

In acute non-ulcerative blepharitis eyelid margins become swollen and red, eyelashes may become crusted with dried fluid.

Symptoms of chronic blepharitis

With meibomian gland dysfunction, enlarged glands on eyelid edges, which exude a waxy, thick, yellowish secretion.

In seborrheic blepharitis, greasy, easily removable scales develop on eyelid margins.

Most patients of both seborrheic blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction have symptoms of:

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Foreign body sensation
Grittiness
Eye strain and Eye Fatigue
Blurring with prolonged visual effort

Conjunctivitis

All types of conjunctivitis tend to present with:

Discharge
Diffuse conjunctival vascular dilation

Discharge may cause the eyes to crust overnight which can blur vision, but once discharge is cleared, vision should be unaffected.

These symptoms are more specific to each type of conjunctivitis:

Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis

Itching
Watery discharge
Papillary hyperplasia

Symptoms of viral conjunctivitis

Irritation or foreign body sensation
Photophobia
Discharge

Symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis

Purulent discharge

Herbal solutions

Since inflammation and immunity are behind appropriate herbal solutions to support these conditions, the guidance of a professional is recommended. Herbalists can be found in our resources section. The following herbal solutions are aiming to support the symptoms of blepharitis and conjunctivitis rather than getting to the root cause, since this can be obscure due to the complex classification system.

Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis)

Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) is astringent (toning for tissues) and anti-inflammatory making it excellent for toning mucous membranes and particularly helpful for conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and itching eyes, reduces inflammation, toning mucous membranes, reducing secretions, and reduces itching (antihistamine) (10).

Dried herb as infusion, compress or liquid extract for topical use.

NB: for eye bath with dried herbs decoct for 10+ minutes boiling and transfer to sterile container.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) traditional topical use for conjunctivitis and blepharitis, and supposed to strengthen the eyesight (10).

Echinacea root for additional immune support and as anti-inflammatory (11).

Raspberry Leaf (Rubus idaeus) topically for its astringency to tone inflamed tissues and dry secretions (10).

Ribwort (Plantago lanceolata) internally generally for allergies and rhinitis, hay-fever (11).

Barberry (berberis spp.) according to Ayurveda is useful in conjunctivitis, taken as a decoction (12).

Pomegranate (Punice granatum) is also recommended according to Ayurveda for conjunctivitis, decoction of the fruit powder or rind, probably because it is astringent and tonifying for the tissues, reducing inflammation in mucous membranes (12).

Jasmine flowers (Jasminium grandoflorum) according to Ayurveda are helpful in conjunctivitis, as they are considered cooling and calming, cooling the blood, and providing strong antibacterial and antiviral action (12).

Holistic solutions

Eye hygiene is important for reducing likelihood of infections, this includes avoiding touching the eyes with hands, using clean towels, and regularly changing pillowcases.
Since the underlying factors for both blepharitis and conjunctivitis involve inflammation and potentially infection, then adopting lifestyle changes to support reducing inflammation, and a healthy immune system will be beneficial, especially in recurrent or chronic cases.
This can include appropriate diet such as whole-foods anti-inflammatory diet
Taking sufficient sleep and rest
Finding strategies to manage stress

References

Blepharitis. MSD Manual Professional Version website. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/eyelid-and-lacrimal-disorders/blepharitis?query=blepharitis. Accessed June 13, 2022.
Overview of Conjunctivitis. MSD Manual Professional Version website. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/conjunctival-and-scleral-disorders/overview-of-conjunctivitis?query=conjunctivitis. Accessed June 13, 2022.
Lemp MA, Nichols KK. Blepharitis in the United States 2009: a survey-based perspective on prevalence and treatment. Ocular Surface. 2009;7(2):1–14. doi.org/10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70620-1
Nijm LM. Blepharitis: Classification. In: Ocular Surface Disease: Cornea, Conjunctiva and Tear Film. Elsevier Inc. 2013: 55 – 60. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455728763000080. Accessed June 13, 2022.
Nelson JD, Shimazaki J, Benitez-del Castillo JM, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 2001;52(4):1930–1937. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-6997b.
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca. MSD Manual Professional Version website. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/corneal-disorders/keratoconjunctivitis-sicca. Accessed 13 June 2022.
Ryder EC, Benson S. Conjunctivitis. [Updated 2022 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/
Putnam CM. Diagnosis and management of blepharitis: an optometrist’s perspective. Clin Optom. 2016;(8):71-78. doi:10.2147/OPTO.S84795.
Danthuluri V, Grant MB. Update and Recommendations for Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19 in Adults and Children: A Narrative Review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020;9(4):853-875. doi:10.1007/s40123-020-00310-5.
Viral Conjunctivitis. MSD Manual Professional Version website. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/conjunctival-and-scleral-disorders/viral-conjunctivitis. Accessed June 13, 2022.
Bone K, Mills S. Principles And Practice Of Phytotherapy. China: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2000.
Bone, K, The Ultimate Herbal Compendium. Warwick, Queensland: Phytotherapy Press; 2007.
Frawley D, Lad V. The Yoga of Herbs. 2^nd ed. Twin Lakes: Lotus Light Publications; 2008.
Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis. MSD Manual Professional Version website. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/conjunctival-and-scleral-disorders/acute-bacterial-conjunctivitis. Accessed 13 June 2022.

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Eye health: A traditional Chinese medicine perspective

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 29 Jun 2022 15:03:17 +0000

Our eyes evolved to deal with natural sunlight not the unnatural light emitted from electronic devices or artificial lighting.

Understanding eye health

We ask a lot of our eyes these days. Long hours peering at screens, lifestyles that lack sufficient rest or are perhaps overly sedentary, high stress levels, increased exposure to environmental pollutants and diets that may be lacking in the nutrients needed to nourish them all have an impact on our eye health and vision.

Likewise, conditions that affect the eyes such as hypertension, obesity and diabetes are on the rise. The most common eye conditions are age related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts and retinitus pigmentosa. Of these, diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of sight loss for those under fifty in the UK and AMD the chief for the over sixties (1). While genetic factors play an important part in many eye pathologies, there is still so much we can do to support our eye health and TCM can be a wonderful adjuvant to this.

How does eye health work in TCM?

In traditional Chinese medicine, the eyes reflect the state of the mind, body and spirit and provide valuable diagnostic information to the TCM practitioner.

The classics state,‘the eyes are made from the essence of the five viscera [the heart, liver, kidneys, lung and spleen] and then are empowered by their qi’ and that ‘the essence from the…organs flows upwards to irrigate the eyes’. (2 p124) They are, therefore, under the influence of and windows in to the state of all of the organs, but in particular the liver, kidneys and heart.

The state and flow of our qi, blood and body fluids also impacts our eyes in TCM as do environmental factors.

Understanding the root

The liver

‘gan kai qiao yu mu’ – ‘The liver opens in to the orifice of the eyes’ (2 p38)

In TCM, the eyes are the sense organ relating to the liver. The liver supports our eye health and also governs our capacity for vision in our lives, our sense of direction and the ability to see where we are going and make plans.

Liver blood nourishes the eyes and when liver blood is deficient we may suffer from blurred vision, myopia (short-sightedness), floaters (dots or lines in your vision that move about as you move your eyes), impaired night vision or colour blindness. Accompanying liver blood deficiency signs and symptoms can include dizziness, insomnia (trouble getting to sleep), pallor, light or absent periods, muscle spasms and brittle nails with a pale tongue (especially the sides as these relate to the liver) and a thin radial pulse on palpation. Liver blood can be weakened by poor diet or impaired digestion, bleeding as in haemorrhage, heavy periods or in the postpartum and is an especially common pattern for women.

The yin energy of the liver also provides nourishment to the eyes. When liver yin is weak, we will see many of the opthalmalogical symptoms above, but also dry eyes which can be a hallmark feature (3). Accompanying symptoms can include nightsweats, tinnitus, insomnia (hard to stay asleep), a red tongue with little or no coat and a rapid, fine pulse. Liver yin can become depleted via ongoing liver blood deficiency and as usually combined with kidney yin deficiency which stems from overwork, chronic illness, excessive sexual activity or exercise, depletion of body fluids from febrile disease or overuse of yang tonics.

Conditions of excess in the liver also affect the eyes. The liver meridian passes through the eyes on the way to the top of the head. Liver yang (if not anchored by liver yin), heat or fire can rise or flare upwards via this channel leading to glaucoma, a feeling of pressure in the eyes, protruding eyeballs, blurred vision, bloodshot, painful, burning or severely itchy eyes. This will typically present with concurrent irritability, headache, dizziness, red complexion, thirst, dark urine, sleep disturbance, a red tongue (especially the sides) with a yellow coat and a full, rapid pulse. Heat in the liver is often generated by repressed or ongoing anger, frustration or resentment and from overconsumption of heating substances such as alcohol, red meats and fried foods. Constrained emotions also lead to liver blood stagnation which may result in eye pain, strabismus, dark spots on the sclera and be paired with a dark complexion, darkness under the eyes and a purple tongue.

In TCM we often speak of internally generated ‘wind’. Wind can be described as an energetic pathogen that is moving in nature (think muscle tics, itches, moving pains etc) and fills empty space created by deficiency, often of the blood or yin. It can also be created by yang rising and excessive heat like the kinetic wind force above an open fire. The liver, being prone to blood and yin deficiency, ascendant yang energy and heat, is readily affected by wind and this can manifest in eye conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, protruding eyeballs and a feeling of distension in the eyes. Accompanying symptoms may include vertigo, tics or tremors, spasms, numbness of the limbs (liver blood deficiency leading to wind) and liver heat signs as above (liver heat turning to wind). A deviated and, or, quivering tongue are also signs of internal wind.

The kidneys

Kidney yin and jing (our inherited, constitutional ‘essence’) also nourish the eyes. Congenital eye conditions such as myopia and strabismus, chronic eye diseases and eye problems in the elderly, especially glaucoma and cataracts, are often due to insufficient or declining Kidney yin or jing.Accompanying symptoms for kidney yin deficiency are similar to, but perhaps more pronounced than, those for liver yin deficiency (indeed, the two pathologies often occur together), but here we will also see signs of general kidney deficiency such as sore low back and knees, poor memory, possible hearing impairment, tinnitus and nocturnal emissions. Deficient kidney jing may also display signs of greater kidney weakness including poor bone development in children, greying hair, hair loss, senility and loose teeth. Puffiness under the eyes is often a sign of kidney weakness. Kidney jing can be a constitutional deficiency or come about from aging or excessive sexual activity.

The heart

The classics state that ‘the spirit and the essence of the heart gather in the eyes’ (3 p77). The state of our spirit (our shen which resides in the heart) shines through our eyes. When the eyes are bright and sparkling, we know that a person is thriving in their emotional, mental and spiritual lives. Observation of the eyes is, therefore, very important in TCM to ascertain the degree of a presenting mental or emotional disturbance but also whether or not the shen has been impacted by or perhaps even stands as the underlying cause of a physiological complaint.

Like liver blood, heart blood also nourishes the eyes and as the heart channel also flows to the eyes, pathologies of the heart can often transfer to them. In particular, to the inner and outer corners of the sclera. If heart blood is deficient these will be pale and paired with symptoms such as diminished visual acuity, blurred vision, a tendency to startle easily, anxiety, insomnia, palpitations and a pale face and tongue. Heart blood becomes deficient via the same mechanisms as liver blood deficiency, but also from prolonged anxiety or worry. Heat in the heart stemming from emotional factors can lead to pain, burning, redness and itching of the eyes, especially the corners as well as typical heart heat signs such as insomnia and vivid dreams , palpitations, ulcers on the tongue, mental restlessness, heat sensations, a red face, bitter taste in the mouth, thirst, a red tongue (especially the tip) with a yellow coat and a rapid pulse.

Environmental factors

In addition to organ disharmonies, the eyes are also affected by environmental factors. In particular, they are prone to invasion from Wind. This presents with acute symptoms with a sudden onset such as red, intensely itchy, streaming, sticky yellow discharge, swollen eyelids perhaps with a boil are generally from external wind-heat. These will be accompanied by an aversion to cold and a fever. External dryness can lead to dry, itchy, red eyes and dampness can create swelling and mucus.

Signs and symptoms

Eye dryness
Blurred vision
Red eyes
Inflamed eyes
Itchy eyes
Painful eyes
Streaming eyes
Feeling of distension in the eyes
Decreased visual acuity
Colour blindness
Astigmatism: Abnormally-shaped lens or cornea leading to visual impairment
Nyctalopia: Decreased night vision
Myopia: Short-sightedness
Hyperopia: Far-sightedness
Nystagmus: Involuntary movement of the eyeballs
Strabismus: Squint, eyes point in different directions
Floaters: Dots or lines ‘floating’ in vision
Conjunctivitis: Conjunctiva irritation from allergies or infection
Diabetic retinopathy: Central vision loss from diabetes
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Loss of central vision due to macular damage
Glaucoma: Hereditary vision loss from damage to optic nerve from fluid build up in the eye
Retinitis pigmentosa: Genetic disorder causing slow loss of vision
Cataracts: Cloudy patches on the lens affecting vision

Herbal solutions

Chinese herbal medicine tends not to use herbs individually but in synergistic formulae. It is important to consult a qualified TCM practitioner as they must be carefully prescribed and modified to match the individual’s presenting symptoms, environment and constitution.

There are many TCM herbs and formulas used to benefit the eyes. This is a small selection of examples.

Goji berry (Lycium barbarum)

Gou qi zi (Lycium barbarum)

Goji berries are a popular sweet blood and yin tonic with antipyretic properties widely used in TCM to support eye health. Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid (pigment) that accumulates in fatty tissues, especially of the macula, that is believed to protect the macula from oxidative stress and degeneration. Gou qi zi is considered one of the best food sources of zeaxanthin (4) and its ability to prevent macular degeneration and pathology has been demonstrated in clinical research where it benefitted retinitis pigmentosa and AMD. Preclinical studies suggest it may also prevent damage from glaucoma (5) With the appropriate presentation, it may be used to treat dry eyes, blurred vision, photosensitivity, night-blindness and reduced visual acuity (6).

Ju hua (Chrysanthemum morifolium)

Chrysanthemum flowers is a sweet, bitter, pungent, cool herb with antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and diaphoretic properties that ‘releases the exterior’ in cases of wind-heat and is often paired with gou qi zi in simple teas and herbal formulas for the eyes. It also clears liver heat from both excess and deficiency, soothes the eyes and has a calming action on the liver and, therefore, shen. It is indicated for red, painful, dry eyes, tearing, blurry vision, floaters. bai ju hua (white chrysanthemum) is better at supporting diminishing vision from liver and kidney deficiency, whereas huang ju hua (yellow chrysanthemum) is better at clearing red eyes from external wind-heat (7). Lutein is another carotenoid found in the macula that provides similar protection to zeaxanthin and is a component of huang ju hua (4).

Qi ju di huang wan (Lycium fruit)

Chrysanthemum and rehmannia pill, is a derivative of the classic yin tonic formula, liu wei di huang wan, where gou qi zi and bai ju hua have been added to direct the formula to eye pathologies such as dry eyes with reduced visual clarity, photophobia, tearing from wind or painful eyes stemming from liver and kidney yin deficiency.

Ming mu di huang wan

This “Improve-vision-pill” with rehmannia, is another variant of liu wei di huang wan, where chai hu (Bupleurum), dang gui (Chinese Angelica) and wu wei zi (Schisandra) have been added to strongly nourish the liver and kidneys and improve the vision. It is believed to be more effective in this regard than the above formula and is used in cases of optic neuritis, optic nerve atrophy and central retinitis (8).

Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)

Bo he (Mentha haplocalyx)

Mint is another cooling, pungent, diaphoretic herb for clearing wind-heat with red eyes, sore throat and headache. It also clears liver heat, calms the liver and soothes the mind. It must be added towards the end of a decoction to preserve its properties.

bo he is combined with cooling, diaphoretic sang ye (Mulberry leaf) and ju hua in sang ju yin, Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Decoction, a classic 8-herb formula for releasing exterior wind-heat that can alleviate acute conjunctivitis. To this end, bai ji li (Tribulus) , jue ming zi (Cassia) and xia ku cao (Prunella) will also be added.

Xiao yao san

rambling powder is a popular formula for stress and tension leading to liver qi stagnation. Where liver qi stagnation has led to heat and affected the eyes, we may use the variation jia wei xiao yao san. Bitter and cold mu dan pi (Peony root cortex) and zhi zi (Gardenia) are added to the original formula to support bo he in cooling heat and ascending Liver fire. Mu dan pi and zhi zi are a classic herb combination for dry, scratchy eyes from liver blood deficiency.

Long dan cao (Gentiana spp.)

Gentian is a very cold and bitter herb with antibacterial, antihypertensive and antiinflammatory properties used in cases of extreme liver heat with red, swollen and painful eyes. This herb is at risk of becoming endangered so only the cultivated plant should be used (6).

Long dan xie gan tang

Gentiana Longdancao decoction to drain the Liver is a ten-herb formula featuring long dan cao as its chief medicinal and including zhi zi that cools excessive liver heat and may be used in cases of red and sore eyes from liver heat. With the corresponding signs and symptoms, it can be used in cases of uveitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, acute glaucoma and central retinitis (8). This is a very cold formula. As such, gan cao is included to protect the ‘middle burner’ (spleen and stomach) from cold but it still cannot be used for long periods or in those with digestive deficiency.

Holistic solutions

TCM diet tips

In cases where heat and, or, yin deficiency is present it is important to avoiding warming foods and stimulating substances. These include spices (think chilli, pepper, garlic, cinnamon etc), red meat (especially lamb), fried foods, sugar, caffeine and alcohol. Incorporate more cooling foods such as greens, celery, cucumber, daikon radish, spinach, apples, watermelon, mint, mint tea, chrysanthemum tea, fish (ocean).
In cases of liver blood deficiency, increase blood nourishing foods such as dark leafy greens, liver, beef, lamb, bone marrow, bone broths (chicken/ beef – aim for a cup a day), eggs, sardines, oysters, mussels, beetroot, kelp, shiitake mushroom, parsley, avocado, nettle tea, raspberry leaf, almonds, molasses, dried apricot and fig.
ju hua and gou qi zi are often made in a tea for eye health. The soaked gojis may be eaten at the end and the chrysanthemum flowers placed over the eyes as a cooling compress for tired, sore or inflamed eyes.
Mint tea is also lovely for brightening the eyes, clearing the mind and lifting the mood, especially in the warmer months.

Western nutrition

Consume foods rich in Vit C, E, Zinc, selenium and copper
Eat an abundance of antioxidant foods

Especially beneficial are:

Broad leafy greens
Brightly coloured fruit and vegetables such as corn, carrots, orange and peppers
Oily fish such as salmon, tuna and mackerel
Broccoli
Eggs (9)

General

Take regular breaks from looking at screens
Decrease alcohol consumption
Maintain a healthy wait and exercise regularly
Quit smoking. After aging, smoking is the biggest risk factor for developing macular degeneration and increases risk of cataracts (9)
Avoid sun exposure to the eyes
Have regular sight tests
Get adequate rest
Adopt relaxation techniques

Acupuncture and ‘eye qi gong’

Acupuncture and moxibustion have a long history of treating eye conditions. ‘Eye qi gong’ is the name given to self-massage and acupressure stimulation of the eye area by TCM paediatrician and eye specialist, Julian Scott.

Scott also advocates ‘yoga for the eyes’ and directs us to sequences by Meir Schneider. (10,11)

References

Common Eye Conditions. Sight Concern. Accessed June 10 2022. https://www.sightconcern.co.uk/
Flaws B. Statements of Fact in Traditional Chinese Medicine. 9^th ed. Boulder: Blue Poppy Press; 2010.
Maciocia G. Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide. Edinburgh: Elsevier Ltd; 2004.
Dharmananda S. Lycium Fruit: Food and Medicine. Published Aug 2007. Accessed 1 June 2022. http://www.itmonline.org/arts/lycium.htm
Bokelmann J. Medicinal Herbs in Primary Care: An Evidence-Guided Reference for Healthcare Providers. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2022.
Tierra L. Healing with the Herbs of Life. New York: Crossing Press; 2003.
Bensky D, Gamble A. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica. 2nd ed. Washington: Eastland Press; 1993.
Barolet R, Bensky D. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Formulas and Strategies. Washington: Eastland Press Inc.; 1990.
Vision Matters. Looking After Your Eyes. Accessed June 10 2022. https://www.visionmatters.org.uk/looking-after-your-eyes/looking-after-your-eyes
Scott J. Treating Dry Macular Degeneration with Acupuncture. Accessed June 10 2022. https://www.jadeinstitute.com/posts/treating-dry-macular-degeneration-with-acupuncture/
Scott J. Eyebright Massage. Accessed June 10 2022. http://www.eyebright.me.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/delightful-downloads/2015/09/Eyebright-massage.mp4

The post Eye health: A traditional Chinese medicine perspective appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Eye health: An Ayurvedic perspective

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 29 Jun 2022 14:19:30 +0000

We explore the causes of bad eye health from an Ayurvedic perspective. We find out what makes your eye hurt or itch, and how to treat it.

Understanding eye health

Today many people work long hours in front of a computer taking breaks from work to scroll on their electronic devices. Post work relaxation time is often an evening watching Netflix. The overuse of artificial lighting has increased, and cities pollution levels are unacceptably high. All these factors place great stress on the eyes resulting in dry or burning eyes, vision related issues or headaches.

Our eyes evolved to deal with natural sunlight not the unnatural light emitted from electronic devices or artificial lighting. We absorb and assimilate so much information through our eyes that the constant overstimulation becomes overwhelming and stressful, not just for the eyes but for our nervous system too (5).

Ayurveda is the oldest health science in the world primarily focusing on the prevention of disease. The symbol of Ayurveda is the lotus flower. The eight petals represent each one of the eight branches of Ayurveda, one of which is Shalaka Tantra, that had ayurvedic physicians who specialised in the eye thousands of years ago (9).

How does the eye work?

In Ayurveda, there are three primary life forces that are responsible for all physical and psychological functions in the body. These are known as the doshas, vata (movement), pitta (transformation) and kapha (structure) (9). Each dosha has five sub-doshas located in different areas of the body which all perform specific functions (1).

Ayurveda describes the physiology of vision as based on vata and pitta dosha (13). Kapha is also important for eye health. It’s subdosha, tarpaka kapha, lubricates the nerves, brain and sense organs (1).

Vata controls all movement within the body and mind (5). It is the key factor for visual processing and clarity. Vata plays a role in every phase of vision (13).

Pitta is the principle of transformation (5). Its sub-dosha alcohaka pitta, which is seated in the eye, enables us not just to see things but to also perceive and analyse them. It has two components. Chakshur vaisheshika which is confined to the anatomical eye and helps visual perception. Buddhir vaisheshika is located beyond the eyes in the brain and helps in interpretation and recollection of memories (13).

According to Ayurveda the body is composed of seven dhatus (tissues layers) which provide structure and function.

The seven dhatus listed in order of nutrient metabolism (9)

Rasa – plasma
Rakta – blood
Mamsa – muscle, skeletal, visceral
Medas – fat or adipose
Ashti – bone
Majja – marrow and nerve
Shukra – reproductive

It is rakta dhatu that directly aids the visual process. The term rakta here doesn’t imply blood but the structure that aids the functional aspect of vision (13).

The quality of rakta dhatu is dependent on the quality of the first dhatu, rasa. Rasa builds itself from digested food that has been transformed in to a nourishing essence. It then refines this essence and passes it to rakta dhatu to build itself. This process is repeated though all the dhatus (1).

When we look at an object, light is reflected off the object and into the eye through the cornea which casts an inverted image on the retina. Prana vata (sub-dosha of vata), with help from alochaka pita, carries the light particles through the optic nerve into the occipital cortex, which contains sadhaka pitta. The correct interpretation of visual perception is due to the working integration of alochaka pitta from the retina and sadhaka pitta from the brain. (5)

When we look at an object, light is reflected off the object and into the eye through the cornea which casts an inverted image on the retina. Prana vata, with help from alochakapita, carries the light particles through the optic nerve into the occipital co

Understanding the root

The classical ancient texts of Ayurveda place great emphasis on the five senses of sight, sound, touch, taste and smell. The eyes are ranked the most important sense, so great care should be taken to protect the eyes throughout life (10) ensuring that they are kept cool and lubricated (1). If the blinking of the eyes becomes less frequent than normal, then this cooling and lubricating process becomes disturbed (2).

The health of our eyes depends on our doshas, dhatu (body tissues) and agni (digestive fire) (1) all of which are negatively impacted by unhealthy lifestyle, lack of sleep, suppression of natural urges (sneezing, urinating, etc) and exposure to aggravating factors such as dust, smoke and heat (10).

Our health depends largely on how well we can digest and absorb the nutrients from our food with the help of digestive enzymes known as agni (digestive fire) (9).

The sub-dosha pachaka pitta, located in the gut, governs the enzymes that enable digestion to take place (agni). This is the main form of pitta which supports all other pitta sub-doshas so any imbalances in pachaka pitta will also affect them. The dhatu-agni (tissue) are also affected by any imbalances in pachaka pitta as without good essence the dhatus are unable to build good quality tissues (1).

While vitiated doshas are the cause of disease, it is weak dhatu’s that become the sites for disease (1).

Vitiated Vata

Vata is responsible for all movement. It moves prana, blood, nerve pulses and nutrients around the body. Vitiated vata can cause problems with transportation of signals to the brain creating difficulties with vision. It can also lead to dryness of the eye due to issues with blinking (5).

Vitiated Pitta

Degenerative eye disorders are a result of pitta vitiation. Imbalances in pachaka pitta (digestion) impacts ranjaka pitta (liver and blood) which disrupts the supply of nutrients to the eye (1).

Imbalances in alochaka pitta influences retinal function. Imbalances in sadhaka pitta causes problems in the processing of images in the brain. Too little alochaka pitta results in deficiency of function due to poor nutrient absorption. Too much alochaka pitta causes damage from hyperacidity (10).

Vitiated Kapha

Kapha governs the physical structure of the eye and lubrication (5).

It is said that the eyes fear kapha as kapha is the water element that can put fire out. If kapha increases in the head or body, it can reduce alochaka pitta. Keeping kapha in balance is vital for good eye health (1).

Excess kapha cause stickiness, mucous discharge, puffiness, glaucoma, corneal opacity or leads to deposits of kapha molecules that form cataracts (5).

When the eyes are clear, it is a good sign that digestion and liver function are working well. If the liver is overburdened and pitta is increasing quickly, the whites of the eyes will have a yellow colour. (9).

In Ayurveda, there are 76 different types of eye disease. Ten are due to vata disorder, ten are due to pitta disorder, and thirteen are due to kapha disorders. Sixteen are due to rakta dhatu (blood tissue) disorders, twenty-five are due to disturbances in all three doshas with the remaining two down to external causes (5).

To prevent eye problems, good lifestyle practices should be followed along with a correct diet that takes into consideration the individual’s constitution and digestive function. When the digestive system is optimal and the doshas in balance, all areas of the body and mind are enhanced, including the eyes (9).

Signs and symptoms

Red eyes
Headache
Night blindness
Light sensitivity
Floaters
Flashes
Dry eyes
Excessive tearing
Blurred or distorted vision
Swelling

Serious eye problems are often painless, so if you are experiencing any of the above symptoms or have any concerns about your eyes then get your eyes examined as soon as possible.

Herbal solutions

Always seek advice from a qualified Herbalist or Ayurvedic Practitioner as to what herbs are suitable for your constitution, correct dosage and how to take them. Herbs are usually combined in formulas for more effective results.

Triphala (Terminalia chebula, Terminala belerica and Emblica officinalis)

Triphala

Triphala is probably the most famous Ayurveda powder. It is renowned for eye health as it helps enhance alochaka pitta. Triphala consists of three fruits, haritaki, amalaki and bibhitaki, which balance all three doshas. Triphala is high in antioxidants, which help to prevent eye damage caused by free-radicals and oxidative stress. It is also anti-inflammatory, cleans the bowel, enhances digestion and absorption. It has a strengthening and nutritive effect on rakta dhatu as well as improving liver function.

Triphala powder can be taken internally before bed or used as an eyewash for inflamed or sore eyes. Boil 1 teaspoon of triphala in one cup of water for 3 minutes. Cool and then strain through cheesecloth or a coffee filter to remove the particles. Rinse the eyes with the liquid.

Rose

Rosewater is the water left over from the production of rose essential oil. As rose water is cooling and anti-inflammatory, it helps to soothe irritated or inflamed eyes and to reduce puffiness. Rose also relives excess sadhaka pitta and clears excess pitta and ama from rakta dhatu (blood), and can be used as an eyewash though you must be certain it is a natural rose water extract and not a synthetic formulation often found in shops (8).

Liquorice

Liquorice is used with ghee for degenerative eye conditions and dry eyes. It is excellent for inflammation, is a remarkable restorative and rasayana (rejuvenate). Licorice reduces excess vata, pitta and ama from rasa and raktu dhatu. It soothes pachaka pitta, is beneficial for ranjaka pitta and supports the livers cleansing work and binds to toxic chemical to draw them from the body (9).

Black seed (Nigella sativa)

Black Seed

Black cumin seed calms the mind, cleanses ranjaka pitta, helps inflammatory eye disorders and pitta type headaches when used as nasya. It also enhances digestion and clears ama from all dhatus (8).

Bhringaraj (Eclipta alba)

Bhringaraj is a marvellous antioxidant that benefits the eyes greatly. It balances vata and pitta clearing excess pitta from rakta dhatu and balancing sadhaka pitta. It improves digestion and absorption, clears ama and regulates ranjaka pitta so is excellent for liver problems (9).

Shatavari

Shatavari is cooling, moistening and soothes dry, inflamed mucus membranes such as the eyes. It is nutritive and rejuvenate for the eyes, as well as promoting good gut health. Not to be taken if there is ama or high kapha. Taking Shatavari with milk is recommended for good eye health (11).

Neem

Neem is an excellent detoxifying herbs which helps to stimulate agni and clear ama. It cools heat in the mind and cools pachaka pitta. It clears excess pitta and ama from rasa and rakta dhatus. Avoid with high vata (8).

Mahatriphala Ghritam

This is a classical Ayurveda formula consisting of many herbs formulated according to the principles of panchakarma. The main ingredients are ghee and triphala. It is used to treat and manage a variety of eye disorders. This should only be taken under guidance of an Ayurveda doctor or practitioner (14).

Holistic solutions

Regular eye breaks

When working, set an alarm every 40 minutes as a reminder to take a break from the screen. Gaze at a distant object or nature such as trees, birds, plants, flowers to help restore balance to the eye.

Invest in blue light screen protection and glasses which will reduce the amount of blue light that you are exposed throughout the day.

Dim household lights in the evening or use candles to help relax the eyes.

Relaxation not distraction

Swap scrolling on social media, watching TV or other device time for relaxing baths, walks in nature, yoga, meditation, candle gazing, reading or journaling. Time in nature is especially good for calming vata and relaxing the mind.

Trataka (candle gazing)

Traditionally, Ayurveda recommends using a ghee candle as it is believed that the golden glow of the candle and its flame will boost the immunity as well as soothe the eyes (3). Focus your awareness on the flame to calm the mind, soothe and strengthen the eyes (3).

Castor oil or ghee drops

Put one drop of castor oil in each eye before bed to help soothe dry, inflamed, itchy or irritated eyes. At first there may be a little blurriness in the eyes after application, but this will pass shortly. If the blurriness continues or if there is any irritation, then discontinue use. Only do this with the guidance of a practitioner. Also rub 1 teaspoon of the oil on to the soles of your feet (4).

Netra basti

Netra basti should only be carried out by a qualified Ayurveda practitioner or doctor. It is a superb treatment that enhances eyesight, counters fatigue and heaviness in the eyes, dry eyes and retinal deterioration.

A dough ring is formed around each eye with either plain ghee or ghee enriched with herbs poured into the ring. The eyes remain open submerged in the ghee for 10-20 minutes. During this time all the dust, mucus and other impurities trapped within the eyes come out. It also relives tension within the eyes and eye sockets which will help to relax the whole face (3).

Nasya

Herbal oils applied through the nose is beneficial for the eyes as the oil helps to expel excess doshas from the head. Ayurveda recommends nasya as part of dinacharya (daily routine). Black cumin seed oil is particularly good for the eyes, as is Anu Thailam oil (combination of many herbs).

Anjana

Anjana is a thick eyeliner made with medicinal ingredients such as camphor, rose, ghee and coconut oil. It is also called collyrium. This has been used traditionally in Ayurveda to prevent and treat many eye disorders (5).

Surya Namaskar (Salutation to the sun)

The sun represents energy, power and vitality. Surya Namaskar is the best yoga practice for eyes, mind and body. Its asanas help increase blood flow towards the face and eyes, improving eyesight and boosting overall eye health. Surya Namaskar contains eight asanas woven into a sequence of 12 steps for each side (4).

Eye palming

This helps to sooth alochaka pitta and the optic nerve. Rub your hands together until some heat is built up, place hands over the yes without placing any pressure on them, take several deep grounding breaths to connect to the quality of earth and cooling quality of water, keeping the eyes closed take your hands away and then open the eyes slowly.

Food

Diet should be adjusted depending on which doshas need to be balanced and on digestive function.

Colourful vegetables and fruits such as pomegranate, cranberry, beetroot and antioxidants are beneficial to the eyes (12).

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is important for healthy eyes, chronic deficiency causes many eye disorders and also immune deficiency which will increase susceptibility to other diseases. Ayurveda uses ghee in many formulations and treatments. Ghee is a good source of vitamin A (13). Organ meats are also high in vitamin A. Carrots are all good sources of beta-carotene which the body then converts to vitamin A (12).

References

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