Cardiovascular system – Herbal Reality

Hazel

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 09:45:38 +0000

The post Hazel appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Solomon’s seal

Jessika Thiele — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 14:43:17 +0000

The post Solomon’s seal appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Black haw

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 27 Feb 2026 10:49:37 +0000

The post Black haw appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Self-heal

Jessika Thiele — Thu, 04 Dec 2025 11:51:38 +0000

The post Self-heal appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Juniper

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 01 Nov 2025 10:36:21 +0000

The post Juniper appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Sea buckthorn

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 01 Nov 2025 09:27:05 +0000

The post Sea buckthorn appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Sesame

Becs — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 13:04:07 +0000

The post Sesame appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Wild cherry

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 06 Oct 2025 09:21:37 +0000

The post Wild cherry appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Bitter orange

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 12:07:31 +0000

The post Bitter orange appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Cat’s claw

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 08 Sep 2025 08:48:17 +0000

The post Cat’s claw appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Thuja

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 13:29:21 +0000

The post Thuja appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Herb robert

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 10 Aug 2025 15:01:08 +0000

The post Herb robert appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Black pepper

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 16 Jul 2025 10:59:27 +0000

The post Black pepper appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Gymnema

Jessika Thiele — Thu, 10 Jul 2025 08:53:26 +0000

The post Gymnema appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Lovage

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 07:12:33 +0000

The post Lovage appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Lily of the valley

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 23 May 2025 07:25:28 +0000

The post Lily of the valley appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Coca

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 07 May 2025 08:34:50 +0000

The post Coca appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Birch

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 25 Apr 2025 10:34:51 +0000

The post Birch appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Butcher’s broom

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 23 Apr 2025 14:53:06 +0000

The post Butcher’s broom appeared first on Herbal Reality.

High cholesterol

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 11:16:59 +0000

High cholesterol is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. What is the role of cholesterol and how can levels be attenuated with herbal solutions?

What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is present in every cell of the body, and production is highest in the liver (1). As a molecule it is essential for a variety of important body functions:

Cell walls

Cholesterol makes up a high proportion of all animal cell walls. In red blood cells it can make up as much as 40% of their plasma lipid membrane. Structurally, cholesterol in lipid membranes impacts their elasticity, density and strength. Functionally, cholesterol in the membrane is involved in the formation of signalling complexes, such as cell membrane receptors and trafficking of proteins across the membrane (2). Through influencing the structure of the membrane, cholesterol directly impacts molecular transport of sodium and other cations (positively charged ions) across the membrane, an important factor for the production of ATP, the ‘energy currency’ of cells (3). Particularly in skeletal muscle cells, in particular, cholesterol plays a vital role in the normal contractility-excitation function as well as for insulin sensitivity (4).

Nerve cells

Some of the neurons in the body are myelinated, meaning they have a special sheath around their axon, functioning as a kind of insulator. This increases the speed at which impulses can be sent through the axon. Myelination is essential for the proper function of the nervous system and cholesterol is an essential constituent of these sheaths, and makes up 40% of their lipid composition (as compared to normal cells, where it makes up 25%) (5). In experiments on mice it has been shown that cholesterol availability “is a rate-limiting factor for brain maturation” (6).

Cholesterol as a precursor

Cholesterol is a precursor of steroid hormones such as the sex hormones: oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone, as well as the adrenal gland hormones, cortisol and aldosterone. It is also a precursor of 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is needed to synthesise vitamin D3. This synthesis happens in the skin and requires the ultraviolet rays of direct sunlight.

Bile acids

Bile acids are produced in the liver, turned into bile salts, stored in the gallbladder and then excreted into the small intestine. Here they act as a kind of detergent, to emulsify dietary fats and oils so that they can be further digested. They make up most of the bile excreted by the liver and are synthesised by liver cells via an enzyme mediated oxidation of cholesterol in a multi-step process. Approximately 200 to 600 mg of bile salts are synthesised daily to replace bile acids lost in the faeces. Enzymes are down-regulated by high concentration of bile acids and up-regulated by cholesterol.

While 95% of bile acids present in the small intestine are reabsorbed into circulation, 5% travel on into the colon (7). The bile acids that return to the liver, inhibit further production of bile acids and increase their excretion, forming a negative feedback loop. Bile acids additionally play various roles as signalling molecules within the intestine and liver, impacting the glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol homeostasis within the body(8).

Despite how essential cholesterol is in the above processes, too much cholesterol in the blood can lead to severe health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular issues. High cholesterol, also known as hypercholesterolemia, is a condition that is often referred to as a “silent” health problem because it typically doesn’t present obvious symptoms until significant damage has been done to the arteries and cardiovascular system.

Understanding high cholesterol

High cholesterol simply refers to a high concentration of cholesterol within the blood. This is determined with blood samples, and the measurement of

Total cholesterol: The overall amount of cholesterol in your blood
High density lipoproteins (HDLs): Often referred to as “good cholesterol”
Non-HDLs: The difference between total cholesterol and HDL. Non-HDLs includes low density lipoprotein (LDL), which is often referred to as “bad cholesterol”; however, non-HDL also includes other sources of cholesterol in the blood. Non-HDL cholesterol has been found to be a good marker for the likelihood of future cardiovascular disease development, in particular damage to arteries, buildup of plaques within the arterial walls, which eventually lead to further complications.
Triglycerides are often measured alongside cholesterol. Elevated triglyceride levels are also associated with an increased risk of heart disease.

Cholesterol transport

Lipids such as fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol are all hydrophobic (repel water molecules), which means they cannot just flow in the bloodstream, but instead are transported in transport molecules — lipoproteins. HDLs and LDLs are not cholesterol per se, but transport molecules that are essential for the passage of cholesterol in the blood and therefore its detection via blood tests; hence blood measure associations with either LDL or HDL. Lipoproteins are synthesised by the liver and by enterocytes and have a variety of different functions.

HDL is most well known for its function of returning cholesterol from circulation to the liver, from which it can be either excreted, or transformed into other molecules. This is why HDL is considered “good cholesterol”, it aids in the removal of cholesterol from the body, maintaining homeostasis. LDLs are the primary plasma carriers of cholesterol for delivery to all tissues, and usually carry a far greater amount of lipids.

If a cell requires additional cholesterol, it synthesises the necessary LDL receptors and if it has enough the cell produces a protein that takes the receptors down so that no more LDL is taken up by the cell. While HDL is seen as the main way to transport cholesterol back to the liver, the liver also carries LDL receptors and is able to absorb the cholesterol from LDL molecules.

Approximately 70% of circulating LDL is cleared via hepatocyte LDL receptor mediated endocytosis with the remainder taken up by extrahepatic tissues. Thus expression of LDL receptors by liver cells, represents a key factor in the body’s ability to regulate circulating LDL levels(9). Although there are other forms of lipoprotein carriers involved in the transport of cholesterol, they are usually ignored.

What is the pathophysiology of high cholesterol?

Cholesterol was first thought to be intrinsic to heart disease in 1953, when Ancel Key introduced his lipid–heart hypothesis which asserted that high intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol lead to atherosclerosis and that consuming less fat and cholesterol, and replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat, would reduce serum cholesterol and consequently the risk of heart disease.

While this hypothesis is still widely embraced by national and international dietary guidelines, and consequently given advice accordingly, numerous observational, epidemiological, interventional, and autopsy studies have failed to solidly validate this hypothesis in the long run (10), it seems that while there is a connection between diet and cholesterol levels, it appears to be not as straightforward as initially thought. However, while there are a variety of reasons that can lead to raised cholesterol, how does high cholesterol itself cause problems in the body?

When there is too much cholesterol in the bloodstream, and in particular when there are too many LDLs present, they can infiltrate the walls of blood vessels, especially the coronary arteries. Over time, this leads to the formation of plaques made up of cholesterol, fat, and other substances. These plaques can build up gradually, leading to the thickening and hardening of the artery walls. As the plaques grow, they narrow the arteries, reducing the flow of oxygen-rich blood to vital organs, including the heart and brain. This can lead to various complications, including coronary artery disease, stroke, or peripheral artery disease.

Understanding the root of high cholesterol

High cholesterol can arise from both genetic and environmental factors. There are various aspects that can raise LDL levels and lower HDL levels, and it is likely that multiple causes will be relevant to an individual with hypercholesterolaemia that is not due to a genetic variability.

Genetic factors
Insulin resistance
Dietary Habits
Lack of physical activity
Obesity
Smoking
Alcohol consumption

A long standing recommendation, even today, is that one should reduce dietary cholesterol. However, the literature shows conflicting results, in some individuals dietary cholesterol is associated with an increase in LDL and in others it isn’t, pointing to other potential factors, impacting the body’s ability to regulate cholesterol homeostasis, but not cholesterol consumption per se (10).

Increased cholesterol is also associated with certain conditions:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Hypothyroidism
Kidney disease

Several medications are also known to elevate cholesterol levels:

Beta blockers
Corticosteroids
Diuretics — thiazide and loop diuretics
Oral contraceptives
anticonvulsants — carbamazepine and phenytoin

As well as the genetic, dietary, lifestyle, pathological and pharmacological risk factors, with age also comes increased blood lipid levels and incidence of high cholesterol. Whether this age-related increase is associated with cardiovascular disease is yet to be determined.

Signs and symptoms of high cholesterol

One common sign with high cholesterol are xanthomas, yellowish fatty deposits that can appear as bumps on the skin, often around the eyes, elbows, knees, or tendons. These deposits are associated with high cholesterol and are sometimes an early warning sign of lipid imbalance. Otherwise, there are typically no symptoms for high cholesterol, making it difficult to detect without a blood test.

However, if due to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and oxidation plaques develop, the incidence of cardiovascular conditions, which will bring on their own symptom picture, depending on the area affected, and may be the first indicator of elevated cholesterol.

Herbal solutions

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)

High cholesterol is a complex subject, and we are still lacking the full understanding of its implications. There is a correlation between high levels of cholesterol and a greater incidence of cardiovascular disease, however, this correlation is not always there, which points to the fact that high cholesterol is not always the underlying cause, but sometimes more of a calamity, because of another underlying cause. Unless a genetic condition is the underlying cause, which means the body is not able to self regulate the lipid household. This has to be considered when one wants to find the correct herbal treatment, to treat high cholesterol.

Endothelial health is crucial, as is protection against oxidation and inflammation. Flavonoids, such as rutin, quercetin and kaempferol, and herbs containing such compounds, seem to be of particular value when it comes to improving and protecting endothelial function (11). Flavonoids are well known for their antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are able to neutralise free radicals, without becoming a free radical themselves, thus breaking the oxidative chain. As discussed, oxidation is a major pathway through which damage is caused to LDL molecules, and eventually the endothelium, antioxidant herbal remedies are therefore also indicated.

But a herbal practitioner may also choose to address the liver, which is the major organ for the production of lipoproteins, but also for elimination of cholesterol through the bile. The latter may indicate the use of bitters, which stimulate the flow of bile. And liver health is directly connected to its ability to excrete excess cholesterol, and thus liver trophorestorative herbs may be indicated. Certain herbs have been shown to lower cholesterol levels or triglyceride levels directly, other herbs might primarily be indicated to protect the cardiovascular system from the buildup of plaques. If other issues are implicated, they may have to be addressed separately.

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic has long been used for its cardiovascular benefits, and has been shown to lower cholesterol concentrations.

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)

Most commonly known as a tonic for the heart, hawthorn is commonly used to strengthen the heart and improve circulation. Hawthorn is high in flavonoids, which were mentioned earlier, and research also suggests that it might help to enhance endothelial function. Although studies have been done with different species, including C. oxyacantha, and C. anamesa (12).

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

Turmeric reduces inflammation, aids the excretion of bile and improves lipid profiles (13).

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)

Perhaps one of the classic bitter herbs, artichoke leaf has a long history of use for liver conditions. A systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that it has lowering effects on total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides (14). Additionally, it was observed to reduce insulin resistance (15). It is also anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, enhances bile production by increasing biliary acids and cholesterol elimination with bile, all of which are relevant with high cholesterol (16)

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Fenugreek has also been reported to ameliorate blood lipid profiles, triglyceride levels as well as glucose levels, and aid with insulin resistance. Therefore, fenugreek may be useful in treating hypercholesterolaemia, particularly if issues with glucose metabolism coexist.

Red rice yeast (Monascus purpureus)

Red rice yeast is a traditional remedy from traditional Chinese medicine. It contains monacolin K, which is chemically identical to lovastatin, a drug that is used to lower LDL cholesterol. A meta-analysis from 2014 concluded that it was effective at lowering LDL levels but had no effect on HDL levels (17).

These are but a few herbs that might be implicated, depending on the underlying causes.

Holistic solutions

Diet

While traditional advice ought to be revised, it seems advisable to reduce the amount of refined carbohydrates consumed (such as many cereals, jams, honey, juices, refined flour products and sweets) and instead the diet should be centred around a whole food diet, including natural sources of protein and fats, as well as whole grain carbohydrates. Processed foods often include trans-fats which are particularly toxic to the cardiovascular system.

Deep fried foods have often been cooked at temperatures that increase the likelihood of free radicals and they also tend to carry large amounts of calories, and increased calorie intake tends to disrupt the lipid balance in the body. Soluble fibre found in oats, linseeds, beans, lentils, and nuts can help reduce LDL cholesterol by binding to it in the digestive tract, as well as slow down the uptake of sugars, so fibre rich foods should be encouraged. Nuts and seeds are a great source of healthy fats, fibre and other valuable nutrients.

When it comes to the questions which types of fats to consume, once again, the more unrefined, the more unprocessed, the better. Olive oil is a healthy option for most occasions. Fish such as salmon, mackerel, or sardines are good sources of omega 3 oils. Almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts are good sources of plant based omega 3 oils. Brazil nuts have been shown to protect LDL from peroxidation, and improve endothelial function, blood pressure, and lipid metabolism(18). Although due to their high selenium content, consumption should be limited to 1 to 2 brazil nuts a day(19).

Current evidence suggests that saturated fatty acid intake should ideally be less than 10% of total daily energy for the general healthy population and further (e.g., to 5–6% of total daily energy) for patients with hypercholesterolemia (20). Dairy products tend to contain saturated fats, but they also contain many essential nutrients which are beneficial for cardiovascular health, which should be taken into consideration as well(20).

It is very easy to get too focused on counting calories, focusing on single macronutrients and extrapolating from that nutrient onto the whole food. Michael Pollan offers a beautifullystraightforward approach, “Eat food*. Not too much. Mostly plants”(21). Perhaps, also, to add diversity and colour to the diet, include an abundance of colourful plant pigments (such as in carrots, beetroots, red onions and many berries), for their rich source of antioxidants.

* by this he means real foods as opposed to processed food.

Regular exercise

Physical activity is vital for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. Aerobic exercises, such as walking help lower LDL cholesterol and improve the LDL/HDL ratio (22).

Adequate sleep

Getting enough quality sleep is crucial for overall health. Insufficient sleep can contribute towards disruptions in glucose and cholesterol homeostasis and a higher risk of heart disease (23).

Relaxation

Animal models show that chronic stress has atherogenic (plaque developing) effects (24,25). Practicing relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, breathing practices, or mindfulness can reduce stress and subsequently may help protect the cardiovascular system.

Other lifestyle factors

Reducing or quitting smoking and alcohol intake is another valuable consideration, to avoid the damaging effects they pose to cardiovascular health and cholesterol homeostasis.

References

Chiang JYL, Ferrell JM, Wu Y, Boehme S. Bile Acid and Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Therapy. Cardiol Plus. 2020;5(4):159-170. Epub 2020 Dec 30. PMID: 34350368; PMCID: PMC8330388.
Pöhnl, M., Trollmann, M.F.W. & Böckmann, R.A. Nonuniversal impact of cholesterol on membranes mobility, curvature sensing and elasticity. Nat Commun 14, 8038 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43892-x
Thomas H Haines, Do sterols reduce proton and sodium leaks through lipid bilayers?, Progress in Lipid Research, Volume 40, Issue 4, 2001
Barrientos G, Sánchez-Aguilera P, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo C, Llanos P. Membrane Cholesterol in Skeletal Muscle: A Novel Player in Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Insulin Resistance. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:3941898. http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3941898
Gesine Saher; Britta Brügger; Corinna Lappe-Siefke; Wiebke Möbius; Ryu-ichi Tozawa; Michael C Wehr; Felix Wieland; Shun Ishibashi; Klaus-Armin Nave (2005). “High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth”. Nature Neurosci. 8: 468–475.
Poitelon Y, Kopec AM, Belin S. Myelin Fat Facts: An Overview of Lipids and Fatty Acid Metabolism. Cells. 2020 Mar 27;9(4):812. https://doi/org/10.3390/cells9040812.
Chiang JYL, Ferrell JM, Wu Y, Boehme S. Bile Acid and Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Therapy. Cardiol Plus. 2020;5(4):159-170. Epub 2020 Dec 30. PMID: 34350368; PMCID: PMC8330388.
John Y.L. Chiang, Jessica M. Ferrell, Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis, Liver Research, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 47-63, ISSN 2542-5684, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livres.2020.05.001. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542568420300210)
Feingold KR. Introduction to Lipids and Lipoproteins. [Updated 2024 Jan 14]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.
23Newport MT, Dayrit FM. The Lipid-Heart Hypothesis and the Keys Equation Defined the Dietary Guidelines but Ignored the Impact of Trans-Fat and High Linoleic Acid Consumption. Nutrients. 2024 May 11;16(10):1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101447
Salvamani S, Gunasekaran B, Shaharuddin NA, Ahmad SA, Shukor MY. Antiartherosclerotic effects of plant flavonoids. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:480258. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/480258
Lu M, Zhang L, Pan J, Shi H, Zhang M, Li C. Advances in the study of the vascular protective effects and molecular mechanisms of hawthorn (Crataegus anamesa Sarg.) extracts in cardiovascular diseases. Food Funct. 2023 Jul 3;14(13):5870-5890. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3fo01688a
Hesson J. The effectiveness of turmeric supplementation in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults. 2024
Sahebkar, A., Pirro, M., Banach, M., Mikhailidis, D. P., Atkin, S. L., & Cicero, A. F. G. (2017). Lipid-lowering activity of artichoke extracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58(15), 2549–2556. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1332572
Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Rezazadeh K. TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism modulates the effect of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 2018 J Integr Med. 16(5): 329–334
Porro C, Benameur T, Cianciulli A, Vacca M, Chiarini M, De Angelis M, Panaro MA. Functional and Therapeutic Potential of Cynara scolymus in Health Benefits. Nutrients. 2024 Mar 17;16(6):872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060872
Li Y, Jiang L, Jia Z, Xin W, Yang S, et al. A Meta-Analysis of Red Yeast Rice: An Effective and Relatively Safe Alternative Approach for Dyslipidemia. 2014 PLOS ONE 9(6): e98611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098611
Ferrari CKB. Anti-atherosclerotic and cardiovascular protective benefits of Brazilian nuts. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2020 Jan 1;12(1):38-56. https://doi.org/10.2741/S539
Jurcak J. Can You Overdose on Nuts? 2023, https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2023/01/can-you-overdose-on-nuts Accessed 02/25
Maki K. Dicklin M., Kirkpatrick C. Saturated fats and cardiovascular health: Current evidence and controversies, 2021
Pollan M. In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto 2009
Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Walking, lipids, and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Med. 2004 May;38(5):651-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.012
Kaneita Y, Uchiyama M, Yoshiike N, Ohida T. Associations of usual sleep duration with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Sleep. 2008 May;31(5):645-52. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.5.645
McCabe PM, Gonzales JA, Zaias J, Szeto A, Kumar M, Herron AJ, Schneiderman N. Social environment influences the progression of atherosclerosis in the watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Circulation. 2002 Jan 22;105(3):354-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0302.102144
Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB, Lusso FM, Taub DM, Miller EW. Social stress and atherosclerosis in normocholesterolemic monkeys. Science. 1983 May 13;220(4598):733-5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6836311

The post High cholesterol appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Angina

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 08:25:08 +0000

Angina is a cardiovascular symptom characterised primarily by chest pain and is caused by insufficient perfusion of heart tissue, also known as ischaemia.

Understanding angina

Angina, also referred to as Angina pectoris, which translates from the original Latin as ‘choking sensation in the chest’ (1), was originally seen to be evidenced in the late 18^th century. An English physician of the time, William Heberden, described it as “a disorder of the breast, marked with strong peculiar symptoms… the sense of strangling… those affected with it are seized while they are walking, but the moment they stand still, all this uneasiness vanishes”(2).

In the world of today, angina is now recognised as in itself not a disease but the most common initial symptom of an underlying problem with the heart often as a result of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (2,3). Worldwide, ischaemic heart disease remains a leading cause of death and disability. Whilst the symptoms of angina may be distressing to the individual experiencing them it is usually not immediately life-threatening; however, it has been shown to significantly increase the future risk of major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke) (3,4).

The World Heart Federation estimates that between 30–40,000 people per million in Western countries experience symptoms of angina and yet it has been reported that 43% of angina patients may remain undiagnosed (5). The true prevalence is considered difficult to assess as it is based on many factors including accurate diagnosis, whether patients actively seek medical attention for their symptoms and the availability of accessible and affordable healthcare provision, which may be impacted by issues such as social exclusion or inequality. Taking these factors into account, it is suggested that 3% of the population experience angina symptoms that are sufficiently debilitating to negatively impact on their quality of life (6). The prevalence of angina is reported by some sources to be slightly higher in women, however annual incidence of angina increases with age in all genders. Between the ages of 45–64 years it is considered to have a prevalence of 5–7% in women compared to 4–7% in men. However, by the age of 65–84 years it has increased to 10–12% in women in contrast to 12–14% of men in this age group (6,7).

There are also differences in both prevalence and presentation due to ethnicity. Individuals from African American descent are at higher risk of developing angina than the Caucasian population. In the UK, both men and women of South Asian origins are 1.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with IHD than the population as a whole with these differences being greatest within younger age groups. Angina due to spasm of the coronary vessels is reported to be more common in Japan compared with in Western populations (2,8).

The negative impact of angina on an individual’s life may not be limited to the more apparent risks of increased mortality and morbidity. Angina is associated with a significantly higher incidence of depression and loss of employment(9). Despite medical advances in coronary care, it is anticipated that the number of patients with angina will continue to rise as a result of contributory factors including increasing levels of obesity and metabolic diseases such as diabetes (10).

How does angina work?

Angina is caused when the necessary demand for oxygen and nutrients by the heart cannot be met, particularly on increased exertion, resulting in ischaemia. Ischaemia is defined as insufficient blood circulation to the tissues or an organ of the body as a result of changes to the blood vessels supplying that area. In ischaemic heart disease, this frequently involves the coronary arteries or the microvasculature, the much smaller blood vessels, that branch off the main coronary arteries of the heart (11). Although this is most commonly associated with atherosclerosis (the development of plaques in the endothelium) in the large coronary arteries, angina may also be caused by coronary or microvascular spasm, cardiomyopathy, value disease or high blood pressure, inflammation, metabolic syndrome or anaemia (6).

Typically angina is classified as either stable or unstable. Of these, stable angina is more common and generally episodes will have an obvious trigger, such as exertion or stress with symptoms resolving with rest or medication. However, stable angina has the potential to develop into unstable angina, which is more serious partly owing to its unpredictability, absence of an obvious trigger or resolution, and lack or alleviation from rest. It is encompassed as a form of acute coronary syndrome along with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI heart attacks. The pathophysiology of both these conditions usually involves the obstruction of the main coronary arteries; however, unstable angina can be distinguished from a heart attack through blood tests; cardiac markers such as elevated troponin that reflect damage to the heart muscle are detected following heart attack, but not angina (12,13).

Understanding the root

The type of angina a person has along with the symptoms they experience is dependent on the underlying condition that is causing it. This may include;

Coronary artery disease (CAD) or atherosclerosis

In these circumstances the main coronary arteries supplying blood flow to the heart are narrowed by the presence of plaque, reducing oxygen and nutrients to the muscle. On occasion pieces of this plaque may become detached from the wall of the blood vessel causing total or partial blockage of the artery (2).

Coronary microvascular disease

The much smaller arteries, arterioles, that form the microvasculature of the heart are too small to constrict, but damage or the effects of normal ageing may result in them losing the ability to expand when required at times of increased oxygen demand by the heart. The resultant reduction in blood flow in these microvessels may result in microvascular angina (14,15).

Coronary artery spasm

In some cases the protein contained in atherosclerotic plaques may stimulate the vascular wall to contract. This temporary spasm results in the temporary narrowing of the artery subsequently reducing the supply of blood to the heart muscle. Spasm may also be caused by damage to the arteries, however may occur in patients whose coronary arteries appear normal when viewed by angiogram. This cause of angina is described as vasospastic and may present with a variable pattern of symptoms, one of which is sudden onset of extreme fatigue (14,16).

Angina factors

Many factors may increase an individual’s likelihood of developing angina including age, gender, ethnicity, family history of heart disease or genetics. Risk factors including an unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, recreational drug use and exposure to tobacco smoke, seen to both increase the primary risk of developing angina as well as worsen the severity of symptoms in established cases.

Issues connected to low-income and poverty are associated with a higher likelihood of the incidence and reporting of cardiovascular diseases such as angina (17). Furthermore, research indicates that individuals on lower incomes were demonstrated to have a greater level of stress-related brain activity, which was directly correlated with increased inflammation levels and suggested to contribute to the significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease of all types in individuals from lower income brackets (18)

Stress has long been acknowledged as a major factor seen to provoke and increase the frequency of angina attacks. Recent research in 2022 indicated there was a direct correlation between stress-related activity in the inferior frontal lobe of the brain with the severity of angina as self-reported by patients (19). Many previous studies of the relationship between stress and cardiovascular diseases, such as angina, have been inconclusive regarding the mechanisms that explain the influence of stress on states of health. However, perceived or actual stress is now believed to initiate responses by body systems including the sympathetic adrenal system (SAS), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as physiological changes in the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and nervous systems. Cumulative and repeated over-activation of these responses is considered to be a significant debilitating factor in a diversity of chronic health conditions and is suggested as a key contributor to the worsening of angina (20).

Signs and symptoms

Chest pain
Pain or discomfort in the neck, jaw, shoulders or arms
Shortness of breath
Sweating
Fatigue
Upper abdominal discomfort

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance defines the typical presentation of angina as being a sensation of pain or discomfort in the chest, neck, jaw, shoulders or arms that occurs as a result of physical exertion and resolves within about five minutes with either rest or medications, such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) (21).

The character of cardiac pain may be described as constricting, heavy, dull or choking and may also be experienced as a sensation of breathlessness with patients often emphasising that it is more of an extreme discomfort than what they would normally associate with pain. Although characteristically precipitated by physical exertion, it may also occur, or be exacerbated by emotion, after eating or in a cold wind. In unstable angina these symptoms may occur with minimal or no exertion and are seen even when an individual is at rest. In particularly susceptible patients, even lying down may provoke the pain of angina due to increased venous return and preload (22,23).

Angina may also present atypically with the absence of any complaint of chest pain in some patients who instead report shortness of breath, increased or excessive sweating, fatigue along with digestive symptoms including upper abdominal discomfort and indigestion thus further complicating prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment (24).

Herbal solutions

Any chest pain should be taken seriously and the appropriate medical attention sought, particularly if it is the first time such symptoms have been experienced. Angina is a sign of an underlying heart condition and as such is recommended to be treated under the guidance of a healthcare provider such as a GP, alongside a qualified and experienced medical herbalist who will also be able to advise on any potential interaction between herbs and prescribed medications commonly used for the management of angina such as sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) or beta-blockers such as atenolol, bisoprolol and propranolol (25).

Many herbs have a number of evidenced therapeutic actions that support heart health including being cardiac trophorestorative, cardioprotective, cardiac and vascular tonics, peripheral vasodilators, hypotensive, nervine and antispasmodic (1).

Traditionally herbs such as hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), limeflower (Tila spp.) and oats (Avena sativa) have all been used for their benefits in promoting healthy cardiovascular function and the management of conditions such as angina (26).

Cramp bark (Viburnum spp.)

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)

Hawthorn is a key herb in the management of angina and is considered to be the closest to a specific for this and many other cardiovascular conditions including hypertension, arteriosclerosis and mild or early congestive heart failure. Its properties include being cardioprotective, antiarrhythmic, antioxidant and a coronary artery vasodilator. Studies have indicated that it may increase coronary perfusion, have positive effects on the contractile ability of the heart and is proven to reduce myocardial demand for oxygen. Further clinical trials have shown no interaction or adverse effects with conventionally prescribed medicines (1,27,28).

Other herbs that may be combined within a herbal prescription for angina include;

Dan shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza)

The cardioprotective, vasodilator and antiplatelet actions of dan shen have been shown in clinical trials to be of benefit in the treatment of angina (27). In TCM, it is considered to be a cooling circulatory stimulant and its effects have been demonstrated to include the vasodilation of the coronary arteries. Furthermore, is has been suggested that it is protective against myocardial ischaemia (1).

Crampbark (Viburnum opulus)

The vasodilating, relaxant and antispasmodic acids of crampbark result in it often being included in herbal formulas involving spasm or tension (1).

Cayenne (Capsicum spp.)

Cayenne is a circulatory stimulant and has been traditionally used to improve the blood supply to the heart as well as in conditions where there is seen to be insufficient blood supply to the peripheral circulation (27,28).

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)

A systemic review in 2015 found evidence to suggest that Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) demonstrated a statistically significantly effect on relieving angina including overall cardiac improvement, cardiac output and stroke volume. Some of the subjects involved in the trial reported mild adverse effects such as nausea, stomach discomfort and dislike of the bitter taste however none of these were considered severe and all resolved within a short time frame (29).

Adaptogenic herbs may be useful in the treatment of angina due to their ability to increase resilience to stressors.

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Siberian ginseng is a mild, non-stimulating adaptogen which clinical studies have shown to help relieve angina particularly when this is triggered by stress. It has a relaxing effect on the arteries and increases the heart’s resistance to oxygen deprivation. Additionally, Siberian ginseng has also demonstrated antihyperlipidaemic effects, helping to counter the risks posed by high cholesterol in the development of angina and other cardiovascular related conditions (1,30).

Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Reishi is a medicinal mushroom considered to be a mild calming adaptogen with anti-inflammatory, immune amphoteric, nervine, antihypercholesterolaemic, antioxidant and cardiac tonic properties. It has been demonstrated in clinical studies to improve cardiac function and reduce the pain of angina (30).

Holistic solutions

It is said that diet, sufficient good quality sleep and rest, exercise and fresh air, efficient digestion and elimination combined with balanced relationships with others and the world around us and emotional equilibrium, are the foundations of good health — all of which are acknowledged as being beneficial for the prevention or management of cardiovascular conditions such as angina (31).

Green tea (Camellia sinensis)

Many eating patterns such as the Mediterranean diet or the DASH (Dietary Approaches to stop Hypertension) eating pattern have been demonstrated to be of value to cardiovascular health (32,33,34). Consumption of a wide range of vegetables and other fibre rich foods, such as legumes or wholegrains, is encouraged along with healthy fats such as those contained in nuts and seeds or oils such as olive, hemp and linseed. Highly processed foods and excessive sugar should be avoided or limited as far as possible (1,27).

Some sources advise adopting a protocol that includes daily intake of green leafy vegetables, beetroot, cocoa or chocolate of 85% or above, dark berries such as blueberries, bilberries or blackberries, ½–1 clove of raw garlic and the inclusion of herbs and spices in cooking especially turmeric, ginger and green tea. This may be of particular benefit to individuals with damage affecting the microcirculation, such as in microvascular angina (35). Additionally some sources recommend supplements such as magnesium, coenzyme Q10 and the equivalent of 4 g of fresh garlic daily as a capsule (1). Alcohol intake is best kept light, with binge drinking, smoking tobacco or the use of recreational drugs avoided (1,27).

A healthy weight and moderate physical activity enhances many realms of life including positive mood and nourishing sleep at night and is seen to be of particular benefit to cardiovascular health. A lifestyle or work pattern that reduces the opportunity for sleep, involves long intervals of sitting, limits the amount of time available to be spent outdoors in the fresh air and sunlight or involves high stress is not conducive to good cardiovascular health (2).

The benefits of sufficient good quality sleep, and the risks of not doing, have been demonstrated by numerous studies concluding that short sleep of less than six hours was associated with a significantly higher risk of experiencing a cardiovascular or cardiac event than individuals who were getting between 7–8 hours every night, suggesting that unhealthy sleep does indeed contribute to an unhealthy heart (36).

Stress is increasingly seen as endemic in today’s fast-paced technological culture and, a continued demand on the endocrine and nervous systems (30). Aiming to achieve work–life balance, spending time outside in nature, having support systems in place along with practices such as yoga, meditation or mindfulness are all evidenced as being beneficial to maintaining healthy levels of stress in our lives.

References

Hoffmann D. Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Healing Arts press; 2003.
Causes and risk factors | NHLBI, NIH. NHLBI, NIH. Published July 10, 2023. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/angina/causes
Balla C, Pavasini R, Ferrari R. Treatment of angina: Where are we? Cardiology. 2018;140(1):52-67. https://doi.org/10.1159/000487936
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 update. Circulation. 2015;133(4). https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000350
World Heart Federation. Use heart to act on angina | World Heart Federation. World Heart Federation. Published April 26, 2024. https://world-heart-federation.org/use-heart-to-act-now-on-angina/
BrJCardiol. Angina module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology. BJC. https://bjcardio.co.uk/2020/04/angina-module-1-epidemiology-2/9.
Hemingway H, Langenberg C, Damant J, Frost C, PyöRäLa K, Barrett-Connor E. Prevalence of angina in women versus men. Circulation. 2008;117(12):1526-1536. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.720953
Chaturvedi N. Ethnic differences in cardiovascular health. Heart. 2003;89(6):681-686. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.6.681
Padala SK, Lavelle MP, Sidhu MS, et al. Antianginal therapy for stable ischemic heart disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2017;22(6):499-510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074248417698224
Solomon C, Ohman G, Magnus E. (2016). Chronic Stable Angina. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(12), 1167–1176. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1502240
National Academies Press (US). Ischemic heart disease. Cardiovascular Disability – NCBI Bookshelf. Published 2010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209964/
Sarkees ML, Bavry AA. Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina and non-ST elevation MI). BMJ Clin Evid. 2009 Jan 13;2009:0209.
Watchman T. Zero to finals medicine.; 2019.
Maas A. A woman’s heart: Why Women Need to Care about Heart Health – from a World-Renowned Expert in Female Cardiology. Aster; 2020.
Niessner, Alexander ‘Coronary artery spasm and microvascular angina’,in Juan Carlos Kaski, and Keld Per Kjeldsen (eds), The ESC Handbook on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, 2 edn, The European Society of Cardiology Series(Oxford,2019;online edn, ESC Publications, 29 Oct. 2020), https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759935.003.0007_update_001
Chierchia S L, Fragasso G. (1996). Angina with normal coronary arteries: Diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. European Heart Journal, 17(suppl G), 14–19. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/17.suppl_g.14
Liu Y, Eicher-Miller HA. Food insecurity and cardiovascular disease risk. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2021;23(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00923-6
Tawakol A, Osborne MT, Wang Y ….Armstrong KA. Stress-Associated Neurobiological Pathway Linking Socioeconomic Disparities to Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Jul 2;73(25):3243-3255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.042
Harvard Health. Stress-induced brain activity linked to chest pain from heart disease. Harvard Health. Published November 1, 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/stress-induced-brain-activity-linked-to-chest-pain-from-heart-disease
Logan JG, Barksdale DJ. Allostasis and allostatic load: expanding the discourse on stress and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2008;17(7b):201-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02347.x
NICE. Overview | Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis | Guidance | NICE. Published March 24, 2010. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95
Walker BR, Colledge NR, Ralston S, Penman I. Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine. Churchill Livingstone; 2014.
Jamison JR. Differential diagnosis for primary practice. Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
Douglas PS, Hoffmann U, Patel MR, et al. Outcomes of Anatomical versus Functional Testing for Coronary Artery Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(14):1291-1300. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1415516
NICE. BNF is only available in the UK. NICE. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/stable-angina/
Bartram T. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. Grace publishers; 1995.
Bone K, Mills S. Principles and practice of phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
Thomsen M. The Phytotherapy Desk reference: 6th Edition. Aeon Books; 2022.
Sun T, Wang X, Xu H. (2015). Ginkgo Biloba extract for angina pectoris: A systematic review. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 21(7), 542–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-015-2070-0
Winston D. Adaptogens, Herbs for strength, stamina and stress relief. Healing Arts press; 2019.
Barker J. Physic, A Primer of Herbal Medicine. Aeon books; 2024.
Widmer R J, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. (2015) ‘The Mediterranean Diet, its Components, and Cardiovascular Disease’, The American Journal of Medicine, 128(3), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.014
Willett WC. (2006) ‘The Mediterranean diet: science and practice’, Public Health Nutrition, 9(1a). https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2005931
DASH Eating Plan | NHLBI, NIH. NHLBI, NIH. Published January 3, 2001. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/education/dash-eating-plan#:~:text=The%20DASH%20eating%20plan%20requires,sugar%2Dsweetened%20beverages%20and%20sweets
Bone K. Functional Herbal Therapy: A Modern Paradigm for Western Herbal Clinicians. Aeon Books; 2021.
Tan S, Yip A. Hans Selye (1907–1982): Founder of the stress theory. Singapore Medical Journal. 2018;59(4):170-171. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2018043

The post Angina appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Mulberry

Jessika Thiele — Thu, 27 Mar 2025 09:30:35 +0000

The post Mulberry appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Codonopsis

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 09:44:47 +0000

The post Codonopsis appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Black walnut

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 09 Mar 2025 16:12:08 +0000

The post Black walnut appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Cardiovascular health

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 12:50:12 +0000

Cardiovascular disease is a global health concern. Using herbs including hawthorn, bilberry and limeflower can help to reduce blood pressure and support circulatory health and improve cardiovascular health.

Understanding the cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system, sometimes referred to as the circulatory system, is made up of the heart and blood vessels which include the veins, arteries, and capillaries.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders which affect the heart and blood vessels, and are the leading cause of death globally. More than 80% of CVD deaths are due to heart attack and stroke, with one third of these deaths occurring prematurely in people under the age of 70 (1).

How does the cardiovascular system work?

The main function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver blood carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other vital substances to the cells and organs of the body.

The cardiovascular system plays an important role in helping the body to meet daily demands of exercise, activities, responding to stress, in maintaining blood pressure and body temperature. It is also involved in the transportation of metabolic waste products to the excretory organs for processing and removal from the body.

The heart is a muscular pump made of four chambers: on each the right and left sides an upper section called the atrium and a lower section called the ventricle.

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body, which passes into the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve. From the right ventricle, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs where it is reoxygenated.

The oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium, and passing through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle the oxygenated blood is pumped through the aortic valve to the aorta, which is the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

The circulation of blood through the cardiovascular system is a continuous process.

The main function of the blood vessels are:

Veins carry blood which is low in oxygen (deoxygenated) from the rest of the body back towards the heart.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Capillaries are small blood vessels which connect the smallest arteries and veins. Capillaries are involved in exchanging oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Some common conditions of the cardiovascular system

Heart disease

Coronary arteries become narrowed or congested by a gradual build-up of fatty material (atheroma). This can impair the blood supply to the heart and is sometimes referred to as coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease, or ischaemic heart disease. This can eventually lead to narrowing of the arteries reducing the amount of blood flow to the heart, leading to angina. Blood clots can be formed by pieces of atheroma that have broken off or ruptured resulting in an increased risk of heart attack, or stroke (if in the artery leading to the brain).

Heart attack

A reduction of blood supply to a part of the heart muscle, which can cause damage to the heart tissue and prevent it from functioning properly.

Angina

An intermittent chest pain which is due to a restriction of blood supply to the heart due to narrowing or blocked blood vessels around the heart.

Arrhythmia

Irregularities in the regular rhythm of the heartbeat which can be tachycardia (too quickly), bradycardia (too slowly), or simply irregular.

Hypertension

Also referred to as high blood pressure. Blood pressure refers to the amount of pressure in the artery walls as the blood moves through them and is measured in two numbers: systolic describes the heart beating to pump blood around the body, and diastolic describes the heart when resting between beats.

Atherosclerosis

A gradual hardening of the arteries which is a part of coronary artery disease. It refers to the build-up of fatty deposits known as atheroma on the artery walls. The restriction of blood supply caused by atheroma can lead to the symptom of angina and can be a cause of heart attack.

Venous insufficiency

Damage or malfunction of the veins in the legs means that the blood does not easily return from the legs to the heart.

Understanding the root of cardiovascular disease

Many cases of heart disease and stroke are lifestyle related with certain behavioural risk factors being involved:

Dietary considerations
Physical inactivity
Tobacco use
Alcohol use

Age is also a risk-factor for reduced cardiovascular function, but with relevant lifestyle adjustments and herbal support there is a lot that can be done to keep cardiovascular health at its optimum.

Signs and symptoms

Heart attack symptoms

Please note: If you suspect a heart attack or have these symptoms, dial 999 and seek immediate medical attention.

Central chest pain or discomfort in the chest that doesn’t go away. It may feel like pressure, tightness or squeezing
Pain that radiates down the left arm, or both arms, or to the neck, jaw, back or stomach
Unconsciousness
Seizures or fitting
Difficulty breathing (snoring or rasping)
Rapid heartbeat
Low or undetectable heartbeat
Blue or pale tingling of knees, hands and lips
Chest pain and breathlessness, nausea, sweating or coughing up blood

Angina pectoris symptoms

Squeezing pain or pressure in the chest
A dull pain, ache, heavy or tight feeling in the chest
Sensation spreading to the arms, neck, jaw or back
Can be triggered by physical exertion

Hypertension symptoms

High blood pressure can often present without obvious symptoms. Symptoms occur in rare cases where blood pressure is at a very high level, so it is good to be aware of these.

The symptoms may include:

Headaches
Blurred or double vision
Regular nosebleeds
Shortness of breath

Venous insufficiency symptoms

Visible varicose veins on the skin’s surface
Dull aching, cramping or a heavy feeling in the legs
Leg swelling (oedema)
Pain that worsens when upon standing and improves when legs are raised
Tingling sensation in the legs

Herbal solutions

It is always advisable to seek professional medical support in case of any cardiovascular health issues.

If you have a pre-diagnosed cardiovascular condition and wish to take herbal medicines to help with this, it is advisable to seek the guidance of a medical herbalist who will ensure that you are provided with appropriate support unique to your condition.

Find a local herbalist on the where to find a herbalist page for further details on how to book an appointment with a medical herbalist.

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)

Hawthorn has a long history of traditional use for cardiovascular health in the UK, with its recommendation for cases of dropsy (fluid accumulation caused by heart failure) recorded in 1640 by Parkinson in his seminal work Theatrum Botanicum: The Theatre of Plants.

Hawthorn is a wonderful tonic for the heart, both physiologically and energetically. It is known as a cardiac trophorestorative, meaning it helps to restore and strengthen the tissues of the cardiovascular system, including the heart muscle and blood vessels. This trophorestorative action provides support to the entire cardiovascular system, aiding recovery from and preventing progression of cardiovascular issues.

Hawthorn is considered such a beneficial support for the cardiovascular system that many herbalists prescribe it for people above the age of 50 as a preventative measure for reduced cardiac function commonly associated with older age. In addition to its cardiac trophorestorative actions, hawthorn is also considered a safe herb to take as a preventative and for patients with diagnosed heart conditions.

Hawthorn has a variety of modern applications including:

Angina pectoris
Mild congestive heart failure
Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Mild heart and circulatory conditions (especially when stress is a factor as it also eases anxiety)
Palpitations, which although felt as a hard beating of the heart, are usually not a cardiovascular problem as such, but often triggered by anxiety or stress.
Improves peripheral circulation
Preventative for atherosclerosis
Antioxidant (preventing cholesterol oxidation) (3)

Both the flowering tops (leaves and flowers) and berries of the plant are used. They each have varying quantities of similar constituents known to exert a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system.

Generally, the berries are considered more effective for lowering blood pressure, and the flowering tops for improving peripheral circulation. A combination of the two parts can be taken to address both issues.

The main constituents found in hawthorn that support cardiovascular health include:

Flavonoids

Quercetin and rutin are the predominant flavonoids found in hawthorn.

High flavonoid intake is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Flavonoids are known to improve the integrity of blood vessels, reducing capillary fragility and permeability (3). Studies have found that people with the highest rate of dietary flavonoid intake have the lowest rate of heart disease (4). An average daily intake of as little as 75 mg of quercetin was found to offer protection from cardiovascular diseases (5).

Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs)

Proanthocyanins have been found to have a host of beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system :

Protective for blood vessels
Reduce capillary permeability
Prevent oedema
Antioxidant
Prevent and reduce damaging effects of atherosclerosis (3)

The flowers contain the highest levels of flavonoids, and the leaves the highest level of OPCs, so a combination of flowering tops offers the most comprehensive benefit.

Hawthorn exerts its effect on the cardiovascular system through a number of mechanisms including (6):

Positively inotropic: This strengthens heart’s contractions so it can pump more blood with fewer heartbeats.
Negatively chronotropic: Decreases the heart rate.
Increases coronary blood flow: This is the supply of blood to the heart itself which provides vital nutrients and oxygen to the heart muscle.

Hawthorn increases the parasympathetic tone of the heart, thereby slowing down the heart rate (negatively chronotropic). This, combined with the positively inotropic effect means that the pumping action of the heart muscle becomes more efficient, conserving energy used by the heart.

Many of these findings about the actions of hawthorn on the cardiovascular system have been from in vitro (studies on tissues or cells), and in vivo (animal studies), which do not produce results directly relatable to humans. However, other placebo-controlled, double blind trials studying the effect of hawthorn berries and leaves in cardiovascular patients found significant reductions in heart rate times and blood pressure, suggesting that these effects are also expressed clincally(7).

The varying perspectives on the energetic qualities of hawthorn are concurrent with modern herbal applications, especially in cases of cardiovascular symptoms associated with nervousness, stress, or anxiety.

According to Ayurvedic principles, hawthorn is helpful in cases of vata heart conditions such as nervous palpitations. It is also considered helpful for cardiovascular issues of older age (which is considered the age of vata), such as arteriosclerosis (8).

In traditional Chinese medicine, the heart is considered to store the shen, and disturbed shen can include symptoms such as anxiety and palpitations. This ties in with both the Ayurvedic perspective of imbalances in vata, and the Western herbal perspective of hawthorn as a cardiovascular trophorestorative (9).

A literature review of Crataegus monogyna concluded that it is helpful as a preventative medicine for cardiovascular disease. Hawthorn appears to reduce cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and thrombosis, with an overall beneficial effect on cardiac function. It is also considered a safe herb with no adverse effects showing up in clinical trials (10).

A randomised, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international clinical trial looking at the effect of a Crataegus extract given to patients with chronic heart failure was carried out with a large sample size (2681 participants randomised into placebo and the medication group). The primary outcome measure was the number of days between baseline and the first cardiac event. There were various secondary outcome measures including echocardiography and quality of life measures.

The results of this study did not show a statistically significant difference in time to first cardiac event with the hawthorn extract as an add-on to conventional treatment compared to conventional treatment alone. However, most outcomes measured showed favourable results for those in the group taking the hawthorn extract compared to the placebo group, even if these results were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the authors concluded that on analysing the secondary outcomes of the study that the addition of the hawthorn extract seemed to reduce sudden cardiac death in patients with a specific type of heart failure (LVEF) between 25–35%. The hawthorn extract was well tolerated with an excellent safety profile (11).

It should be noted that the hawthorn extract given during this trial was WS® 1442, which is a dry extract from hawthorn leaves and flowers (4–6.6:1), extraction solvent: ethanol 45% (w/w). The extract is adjusted to 17.3–20.1% oligomeric procyanidins. Film-coated tablets containing 450 mg of the extract were used at a dose of two capsules per day corresponding to 900 mg per day.

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)

Bilberry has an affinity for the circulatory system ast it improves the integrity of the capillaries and blood vessels. It is particularly helpful in cases of varicose veins, haemorrhoids, and venous insufficiency (reduced circulation of the blood from the legs back towards the heart, due to poor venous function) (2).

Bilberry contains anthocyanins, which are cardioprotective not only through protecting damaged capillaries, but also through promoting their repair (6). Bilberry has been shown to increase peripheral blood circulation.

Bilberry can be taken as a fluid extract, and is often taken as a supplement. However, a recent analysis of supplements sold in pharmacies and health food stores found that they are often adulterated with anthocyanins from other cheaper berry extracts, or, they do not contain any beneficial extracts at all (12).

It would be advisable to only take the supplements from a reputable source or to seek guidance of a medical herbalist.

Lime flower (Tilia spp.)

Lime flower has a long history of traditional use as a remedy for cardiovascular issues which are linked to stress and anxiety. It is a peripheral vasodilator and relaxant, helping to relax the blood vessels, making it a useful herb in cases of hypertension (2).

Lime flower eases restlessness and irritability so can be particularly helpful when cardiovascular symptoms such as high blood pressure or palpitations are accompanied by stress or tension. It is also recommended in cases of arteriosclerosis, and any circulatory conditions such as varicose veins due to its toning and soothing effect on peripheral blood vessels. The best way to enjoy this herb is as a strong infusion of the flowers and leaf-like bracts which can be collected in spring.

Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca)

The Latin name for this herb cardiaca, is suggestive of this herb’s affinity for the heart and its long history of traditional use for treating conditions of the cardiovascular system.

Motherwort is considered a cardiotonic, as it improves the tone and function of the cardiovascular system and is helpful for issues of the heart, especially when they are exacerbated by emotional stress (2).

Motherwort is beneficial for palpitations, high blood pressure (especially when stress or anxiety are a factor), in nervous tachycardia (fast heartbeat), and arrythmias (9).

A study on participants with arterial hypertension accompanied by anxiety and sleep disorders were treated with motherwort. The results showed significant improvements in blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, and psycho-emotional status (13). However, this study was carried out using a motherwort oil, and in practice it is usually tinctures or infusions which are taken, so although promising, these results do not necessarily translate to different preparations of motherwort.

The herb can be drunk as an infusion, it has a distinctive bitter taste and may blend well with hawthorn, which brings a slight sweetness.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Yarrow is a known peripheral vasodilator, making it helpful in combination with other herbs for managing hypertension. It combines well as a herbal infusion with hawthorn and lime flower.

Yarrow has been noted in a recent review of medicinal plants in the treatment of hypertension as a herb which was used in traditional Persian medicine as part of a treatment for hypertension and cardiovascular health. This was under the principle that alleviating hypertension helps to ease the pressure on the cardiovascular system and prevent further disease (14).

Yarrow also has a styptic action, meaning it can staunch bleeding when applied directly to a wound on the skin, as well as a vulnerary action to stop bleeding, tone the tissues and promote healing (2). It may be this combination of actions which also makes yarrow essential oil helpful in the treatment of varicose veins when blended into a cream for topical application.

Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna)

Arjuna is a traditional Ayurvedic remedy for heart conditions. It is considered a cardiotonic, as it strengthens, nourishes, and repairs the heart and blood vessel tissues. It is given as treatment for angina, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease (15). It can aid recovery from heart attacks, as well as act as a preventative measure for those at risk of cardiovascular diseases (8).

Arjuna can reduce inflammation and coagulation of blood, which may impact cardiovascular function. Energetically, arjuna is thought to provide courage and strength of will, fortifying the heart to accomplish one’s true goals in life (8).

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic has a host of benefits for the cardiovascular system, including helping to decrease hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), hypertension, and as a preventative for atherosclerosis (2). A recent literature review supports the idea that garlic has the potential to treat and prevent a variety of cardiovascular conditions (16).

Holistic solutions

Maintaining a healthy weight
Regular aerobic exercise
Anger management
Stress-reduction techniques, such as breathing exercises or meditation
Smoking cessation: Smokers are at a 70% greater risk of coronary heart disease than non-smokers.
Diet: The Mediterranean diet has been shown to reduce risk and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (17). Increase colourful fruit and vegetable intake to increase dietary intake of antioxidants.

References

World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1. Accessed 27 March 2023.
Bone, K, The Ultimate Herbal Compendium. Warwick, Queensland: Phytotherapy Press; 2007
Yarnell E, Phytochemistry and Pharmacy for Practitioners of Botanical Medicine. Wenatchee. Healing Mountain Publishing. 2004.
Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet. 1993;342(8878):1007-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-u
Hertog MG, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Intake of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids and their determinants in adults in The Netherlands. Nutr Cancer. 1993;20(1):21-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589309514267
Bone K, Mills S. Principles And Practice Of Phytotherapy. China: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2000.
Iwamoto M, Ishizaki T, Sato T. Clinical effects of Crataegutt on heart diseases of ischaemic and/or hypertensive origin. A multi-centre double-blind study. Planta Medica. 1981;42(1):1-16.
Frawley D, Lad V. The Yoga of Herbs. 2^nd ed. Twin Lakes: Lotus Light Publications; 2008.
Winston D, Maimes S. Adaptogens, Herbs for strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief. Rochester, Vermont.: Healing Arts Press; 2007.
Nabavi SF, Habtemariam S, Ahmed T, Sureda A, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SM. Polyphenolic Composition of Crataegus monogyna Jacq.: From Chemistry to Medical Applications. Nutrients. 2015; 7(9):7708-7728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095361.
Holubarsch CJF, Colucci WS, Meinertz T, Gaus W, Tendera M. The efficacy and safety of Crataegus extract WS® 1442 in patients with heart failure: The SPICE trial. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2008;10(12):1255–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.10.004.
Gaspar DP, Lechtenberg M, Hensel A. Quality Assessment of Bilberry Fruits (Vaccinium Myrtillus) and Bilberry-Containing Dietary Supplements. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2021;69:2213–2225. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07784
Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarov VG, Demchenko DV, and Shikh EV. Effect of Leonurus cardiaca oil extract in patients with arterial hypertension accompanied by anxiety and sleep disorders. Phytotherapy Research. 2011;25(4):540–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3292.
Kamyab R, Namdar H, Torbati M, Ghojazadeh M, Araj-Khodaei M, Fazljou SMB. Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Hypertension: A Review. Adv Pharm Bull. 2021;11(4):601-617. https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2021.090
Williamson E, Major Herbs of Ayurveda. London: Churchill Livingstone. 2002.
Alali FQ, El-Elimat T, Khalid L, Hudaib R, Al-Shehabi TS, Eid AH. Garlic for Cardiovascular Disease: Prevention or Treatment?. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(7):1028-1041. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161010124530
Martínez-González MA, Gea A, Ruiz-Canela M. The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health. Circulation Research. 2019;124(5):779-798. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.118.313348

The post Cardiovascular health appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Bugleweed

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 02 Feb 2025 09:45:54 +0000

The post Bugleweed appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Prickly ash

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 06 Jan 2025 14:36:17 +0000

The post Prickly ash appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Blackberry

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 10 Dec 2024 14:58:39 +0000

The post Blackberry appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Wormwood

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 06 Dec 2024 09:50:41 +0000

The post Wormwood appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Yerba maté

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 15:13:30 +0000

The post Yerba maté appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Shepherd’s purse

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 05 Oct 2024 10:27:33 +0000

The post Shepherd’s purse appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Lady’s mantle

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 25 Sep 2024 08:41:58 +0000

The post Lady’s mantle appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Corydalis

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 24 Sep 2024 18:42:28 +0000

The post Corydalis appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Witch hazel

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 02 Sep 2024 11:52:17 +0000

The post Witch hazel appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Pleurisy root

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 02 Sep 2024 11:05:22 +0000

The post Pleurisy root appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Irish moss

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 14 Aug 2024 09:31:29 +0000

The post Irish moss appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Lesser periwinkle

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 04 Aug 2024 09:44:51 +0000

The post Lesser periwinkle appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Nasturtium

Jessika Thiele — Thu, 01 Aug 2024 13:36:46 +0000

The post Nasturtium appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Olive leaf

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 04 Jun 2024 12:48:42 +0000

The post Olive leaf appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Low blood pressure

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 03 Jun 2024 19:21:32 +0000

Low blood pressure is also known as hypotension. We explore the root causes, symptoms and herbal treatment methods for low blood pressure.

Understanding low blood pressure

Low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, refers to a sustained blood pressure reading of below 90/60mmHg. This means that if blood pressure was taken at different times, it would be consistently low. This is important as there are many factors that can influence low blood pressure, including the time-of-day blood pressure measurements are taken.

For some people, low blood pressure is just the norm for them, it may be a sign of fitness and health, however, if symptoms of low blood pressure develop it may need investigation.

Low blood pressure can arise with age, and older adults are at a higher risk of being affected by the symptoms of low blood pressure, such as falling, fainting, or dizziness upon standing up or after a meal (1). These symptoms may also have greater consequences, such as bone fractures, in older populations.

Within normal ranges of blood pressure (90/60–139/89), healthy people who have blood pressure at the lower end of this range, seem to live longer than those with blood pressure at the higher end (2). However, despite not being as prolific, nor as much of a health concern as high blood pressure, low blood pressure can have repercussions for health, or in some cases be an indicator of an underlying condition. A sudden drop in blood pressure to a very low reading is known as ‘shock’ and can be compromising for vital organs (see more in understanding the root section).

How does low blood pressure work?

Blood pressure is a measurement used to detect the resistance in the arteries to blood being pumped from the heart around the body. Arteries are part of the network of blood vessels, these transport blood away from the heart towards the organs and rest of the body.

There are two numbers in blood pressure measurements, as follows:

Systolic pressure

The amount of force with which the heart pumps blood around your body, measuring the amount of pressure in the arteries as the blood is pumped into them from the heart. This is the first and higher number in the reading.

Diastolic pressure

The resistance in the arteries to the blood flow when the heart is resting, between beats. This is the second and lower number of the reading.

The standard ‘ideal’ blood pressure reading is 120/80mmHg, with normal ranges being anything from 90/60mmHg to 139/89mmHg. It is important to note, ‘normal’ is different for everyone and varies for individuals both throughout the day and their lifetime, as well as for numerous other reasons. Low blood pressure is defined as a reading of 90/60mmHg or below.

Influences that affect blood pressure

There are various mechanisms in place which help to maintain the blood pressure, including the sodium-potassium pump across the cell membrane of cardiac cells. The autonomic nervous system has an impact on blood pressure, and when it fluctuates between parasympathetic and sympathetic this can influence changes in blood pressure. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates blood volume, and therefore also impacts on blood pressure.

Dilation in arterioles (small arteries) can cause low blood pressure. This can be influenced by:

Nerve stimulation to contract or relax smooth muscle in arterioles (2)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: renin (produced in the kidneys) can increase vasoconstriction (tightening of blood vessels). Renin production is influenced by fluid volume, and sodium intake (3), so low renin, fluid, or sodium, can influence the dilation of blood vessels.
Some medications

Changes in cardiac output can also influence blood pressure. Lower cardiac output can mean lower blood pressure. This can be affected by:

The heart rate
Strength of heart contractions during each beat
Venous return (how much blood is returning to the heart from the veins)
The pressure in the arteries
The function of heart valves to allow release from and return of blood to the heart

Changes in blood volume can influence blood pressure, greater blood volume can result in higher blood pressure, due to increased pressure on arteries (if they do not dilate to accommodate for this). Blood volume can be influenced by:

Hydration levels: being dehydrated can affect blood volumes, causing it to reduce, and therefore causing lower blood pressure.
Permeability of arterioles: this can be affected by damage to the inner wall of arterioles, or low blood protein levels can cause blood leakages.
The kidney’s activity in removing fluids for excretion.
Medications such as diuretics which increase the amount of fluid removed from body and excreted by kidneys as urine.

Body position can influence blood pressure. When sitting or laying down it is easier for the body to maintain blood pressure due to less effort required to return blood to the heart. There is a specific type of low blood pressure known as orthostatic (postural) hypotension, which is defined as an excessive drop in blood pressure when an upright position is assumed — for example, moving from sitting to standing. The symptoms of this can include faintness, light-headedness, dizziness, confusion, or blurred vision, and usually resolve rapidly on lying down. Orthostatic hypotension is not a specific disorder but is usually a manifestation of abnormal blood pressure regulation due to various conditions.

Orthostatic hypotension can be acute (sudden and short-term), or chronic (continuous over a period of time). The usual causes are as follows (2):

Causes of acute low blood pressure

Hypovolemia: A reduction in extracellular body fluid volume, occurring due to loss of total body sodium. Causes can be vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive sweating.
Drugs/medications (such as diuretics)
Prolonged bed rest

Causes of chronic low blood pressure

Age-related blood-pressure regulation changes
Drugs/medications (such as diuretics)
Autonomic dysfunction

Postprandial orthostatic hypotension

Postprandial orthostatic hypotension is another type of low blood pressure, which is common and refers to its onset following food. This may be caused by insulin responses to high carbohydrate intake, blood being sent to the digestive tract for digestive processes, and can worsen with alcohol intake.

Shock

Shock is a sudden drop in blood pressure, which can be caused by many factors such as low blood volume, inadequate pumping of the heart, excessive dilation of arteries. This is where the blood pressure drops so low that it may compromise the blood supply to organs, which if not quickly restored can result in permanent damage to cells in those organs due to lack of oxygen. Medical attention is required.

Understanding the root

Causes of low blood pressure (1,3,4)

Blood pressure can vary depending on the time of day.
What you’re doing and how you’re feeling can affect blood pressure, including stress.
Pregnancy
Dehydration
Diabetes
Blood loss from an injury that causes a sudden drop in blood volume and consequently pressure
Heart problems, such as arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat), valve disorders, tachycardia (fast heartbeat), bradycardia (slow heartbeat)
Medications to treat high blood pressure, depression, or Parkinson’s disease
Medications, such as diuretics
Older people are more likely to develop low blood pressure, especially as a side effect of medications taken to lower high blood pressure.
Parkinson’s disease: can cause low blood pressure, making it important in cases of chronic low blood pressure to check for neurological abnormalities, which are a red flag with low blood pressure.
Occult blood loss in stools may signify an underlying condition and unexplained blood loss causing low blood pressure, in chronic cases of low blood pressure always check for this red flag.

Older adults are more likely to develop low blood pressure as a side effect of medicines taken to control high blood pressure (1) and are also more prone to the symptoms of low blood pressure including light-headedness, dizziness, fainting on standing.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of low blood pressure (1,4):

Light-headedness or dizziness
Nausea
Blurred vision
Confusion
Fainting
Confusion
Feeling tired or weak
Headache
Neck or back pain
Heart palpitations, or feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast

Herbal solutions

In the case of low blood pressure due to another specific condition such as heart abnormalities, Parkinson’s disease, or diabetes, these would be taken into consideration in treatment plans. Here, we will discuss how to generally holistically support people with low blood pressure.

The holistic approach may, depending on each individual presentation, include:

Adaptogenic support: To increase resilience to stress and balance autonomic nervous system function
Adrenal tonics: To support the work of adrenal glands and their role in blood pressure regulation
Circulatory support: Both to improve tone and integrity of network of blood vessels and circulatory stimulants to ensure sufficient blood is being delivered to organs
Cardiovascular tonics: To provide support for the heart in working efficiently

Licorice

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Licorice is the best-known herb for its potential to raise blood pressure, and so can be a helpful aid in cases of low blood pressure. Herbal practitioners suggest that people with orthostatic hypotension may respond well to licorice, perhaps due to its ability to improve blood volume, potassium levels, and reduce activation of baroreceptors — cells involved in blood pressure regulation by providing feedback to the autonomic nervous system, which results in changes in peripheral resistance and cardiac output.

Licorice is known to herbalists as an adrenal tonic and is often given when the adrenal glands are in need of support, which can be due to prolonged or excessive stress. It is thought that licorice may bring blood pressure up to normal levels in people who are experiencing low blood pressure due to adrenal insufficiency (5), perhaps due to this tonifying effect on the adrenal glands.

Rehmannia

Rehmannia can increase overall resilience and vigour. It is an adaptogenic herb, and so helps to improve resilience to stressors, and balance the body’s stress response systems. It is also considered to be an adrenal tonic, helping to provide support for the tissues and function of the adrenal glands, involved in stress responses. These qualities mean that Rehmannia may be helpful for people who are experiencing low blood pressure with feelings of low energy, general weakness, and whose adrenal glands may be in need of support.

Ginkgo

Ginkgo is a relatively new plant in the Western herbal medicine chest, and the concentrated extract is reputed to increase blood flow, tissue oxygenation and tissue nutrition (6). It is indicated specifically in shock and may be helpful in ameliorating potential symptoms of chronic low blood pressure, such as dizziness and headaches, and for reducing the potential impact of chronic low blood pressure on tissues.

Most of the studies on ginkgo highlighting its benefits on circulation have worked with a specific strong 50:1 extract of the leaf, called EGb761 (7). It is therefore worth noting that the implication of these trials may only be applicable to this particular extract. It is also necessary to note that although the strong extract of ginkgo has the potential to aid tissue perfusion with oxygen and nutrients, it also contains constituents which are found to have a hypotensive effect (lower blood pressure) (8), and so in cases of low blood pressure it would be necessary to take care with dosage, which would be best done under the guidance of a herbal practitioner.

Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)

Hawthorn

Hawthorn is considered a herb associated both energetically and physically with the heart and cardiovascular system. Although it is generally thought of as a helper for lowering high blood pressure, its effects on blood pressure can be amphoteric, meaning it helps to re-establish balance, bringing blood pressure back into a healthy range, rather than only lowering it.

In the case of low blood pressure, hawthorn’s cardioprotective properties can be helpful in addressing arrythmias, encouraging efficiency of the heart muscle and stability of the heartbeat.

Ginseng

Ginseng is a herb renowned for its ability to raise energy levels and vitality, which also acts as a cardiotonic (9). Its adaptogenic properties mean that it helps to regulate stress responses, and so can re-establish balance in the autonomic nervous system. Ginseng is a particularly beneficial tonic for the elderly, and so may be of assistance for elders experiencing low blood pressure and depleted energy levels, especially when there may be a background of autonomic imbalances or stress.

Horse chestnut

Horse chestnut is a wonderful venous tonic, helping to improve the tone and function of the veins. This can be helpful when low blood pressure is present with signs of venous insufficiency, which may be influencing the return of blood to the heart and therefore impacting cardiac output. Signs that there is venous insufficiency may include varicose veins, a feeling of heaviness in the legs, or tendency to leg ulcers.

Holistic solutions

Recommended management (4)

Get up slowly from sitting to standing
Take care when getting out of bed — move slowly from lying to sitting to standing
Eat small, frequent meals — lying down or sitting still for a while after eating may help
Stay well hydrated
If taking medication known to affect blood pressure, make a GP appointment for a medication review

If possible, avoid:

Sitting or standing for long periods
Sudden changes in posture such as bending over and then standing up quickly
Drinking too much alcohol, as this can exacerbate some types of low blood pressure

References

Low Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/low-blood-pressure. Accessed May 13, 2024.
Low Blood Pressure. MSD Manual Consumer Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/low-blood-pressure-and-shock/low-blood-pressure. Accessed May 13, 2024.
Hypertension. MSD Manual Professional Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/hypertension/hypertension#Diagnosis_v932218. Accessed May 8, 2024.
Low Blood Pressure (hypotention). NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-blood-pressure-hypotension/. Accessed May 13, 2024.
Stansbury J, Saunders P, Winston D, Zampieron ER. Treating Adrenal Insufficiency and Hypotension with Glycyrrhiza. Journal of Restorative Medicine: 2012;1:102.
Bone K, Mills S. Principles And Practice Of Phytotherapy. China: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2000.
Gieza A, Maier P, Pöppel E. Effects of Ginkgo biloba on mental functioning in healthy volunteers. Arch Med Res. 2003:34(5):373-381.
Biernacka P, Adamska I, Felisiak K. The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds-A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents. Molecules. 2023;28(10):3993. Published 2023 May 9. doi:10.3390/molecules28103993.
Bone, K, The Ultimate Herbal Compendium. Warwick, Queensland: Phytotherapy Press; 2007.

The post Low blood pressure appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Hibiscus

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 03 Jun 2024 18:44:40 +0000

The post Hibiscus appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Oak

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 10 May 2024 11:33:40 +0000

The post Oak appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Yellow dock

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 23 Apr 2024 11:39:28 +0000

The post Yellow dock appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Feverfew

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 14:17:39 +0000

The post Feverfew appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Betony

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 29 Mar 2024 16:04:32 +0000

The post Betony appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Chaga

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 20 Mar 2024 10:41:16 +0000

The post Chaga appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Propolis

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 19 Mar 2024 10:09:08 +0000

The post Propolis appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Mustard seed

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 12 Mar 2024 09:55:33 +0000

The post Mustard seed appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Japanese knotweed

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 21 Feb 2024 20:12:46 +0000

The post Japanese knotweed appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Tremella

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 20 Feb 2024 19:51:37 +0000

The post Tremella appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Horse chestnut

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 14 Jan 2024 17:56:16 +0000

The post Horse chestnut appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Angelica

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 10 Jan 2024 20:22:12 +0000

The post Angelica appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Maitake

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 27 Dec 2023 12:12:51 +0000

The post Maitake appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Cardiovascular health: An Ayurvedic perspective

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 25 Dec 2023 16:47:25 +0000

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. We explain why cardiovascular health is important.

Understanding cardiovascular health

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. Whenever there is an anomaly in these structures and their functioning, it leads to cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease is an umbrella term referring to coronary heart disease (CHD, disease of the blood vessels supplying heart tissues), cardiomyopathies (diseases of the heart muscle), peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease (diseases of blood vessels supplying the brain), rheumatic heart diseases, venous thromboembolism (blockages in the veins) and congenital heart diseases (1). Because every cell in the body requires a reliable flow of oxygen-rich blood to function well, cardiovascular diseases can severely impact systemic health and wellbeing.

In the tradition of Ayurveda, cardiovascular diseases are referred to as ‘hridaroga.’ In this term, hridya means ‘heart’ and roga means ‘diseases’. Therefore, hridyaroga in Ayurveda are the diseases or conditions related to the heart (7).

The term hridya is also made of two words: ‘hru’ means something which draws blood or fluid from the body and ‘da’ means to donate. In simple words, the blood and the body fluids are circulated throughout the body by the heart. Therefore, it is named hridya. According to Ayurvedic thought, the heart originates predominantly from the maternal component, with rakta (blood) and kapha building a muscular structure. The movement of the heart is governed by the vyana type of vata (vyanavayu). It is assumed the endocardium is made up of rasa (body fluid) and rakta (blood), the myocardium is made from mamsa (muscles) and the pericardium from meda (fat).

Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death, resulting in 17.9 million deaths per year. Of these, heart attack and stroke are the cause for more than 4 in 5. One third of these deaths happen prematurely under the age of 70 (2). An estimate has been reported that by 2030 the above number will rise to 24 million people globally (3). In England, 6.8 million people live with a cardiovascular condition. The NHS is under considerable financial burden as these conditions cost £7.4 billion per year (4).

How does cardiovascular disease work?

While many processes contribute to this wide range of conditions, atherosclerosis is a key disease process underlying CVD. In atherosclerosis, the arteries become narrow and less pliable, putting pressure on blood flow and reducing nutrient delivery to the affected tissues (5). Common risk factors for atherosclerosis are hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, consuming a diet rich in processed foods, and cigarette smoking. These risk factors collectively contribute to the development of CVD by causing inflammation and oxidation of the blood vessel walls, leading to fatty-fibrous lesions called atherosclerotic plaques. Further inflammation or physical trauma to the lesion may release chunks of plaque into the circulation which can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

Heart failure (HF), a serious cardiovascular disease outcome, is frequently caused by coronary atherosclerosis (atherosclerosis of the blood vessels supplying heart muscle with nutrients and oxygen). Heart failure happens when the body’s demand for circulation outstrips the heart’s ability to function, resulting in circulatory stagnation and systemic oedema.

Understanding the root of cardiovascular health in Ayurveda

Ayurvedic thought offers numerous causative factors of CVD. They are as follows (8):

Excessive exercise
Trauma (physical and mental)
Excessive consumption of hot, heavy, difficult-to-digest food
Suppression of natural urges that should not be suppressed
Excessive consumption of pungent and astringent food
Excessive consumption of items that are sharp (tikshna) in nature
Excessive stress, worry or fear
Excessive use of purifying therapies and procedures like emetic, enema and purgation therapy
Production of ama (toxic undigested waste), which is formed because of a compromised digestion and metabolism

It is also believed that metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes contribute to issues in the heart. When a person consumes a diet high in calories and saturated fats and has a sedentary lifestyle, digestive power (mandagni) is reduced. A low digestive capacity causes depletion in rasa (body fluid) and rakta (blood), leading to sama rasa (hyperlipidemia). This sama rasa then combines with kapha, pitta, rakta and meda (body fat) and gives rise to dhamniprachitya (atherosclerosis), causing obstruction of the arteries (strotorodha). When vata is aggravated, a person feels uro ruja (chest pain). All these events together contribute to the onset of hridroga (CVD). This mechanism is classed as a functional derangement (9).

The classical textbooks of Ayurveda mention krimija hridroga. Conditions like cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, mediastinal swelling etc. have some similarities to this type of hridroga. They fall under the category of organic changes. These conditions are serious and require medical attention. Ayurveda also mentions vidrathi (abscess) and gulma (tumour) in the cardiac region (10).

Ayurveda categorises CVD in five types (8)

Vataj hridroga

When there is an excess of exercise, fasting, inadequate quantity of food, or oily, dry food and grief, then vata becomes aggravated. This results in trembling, excruciating pain, cramps, unconsciousness, stiffness, sensation of emptiness, and severe pain during digestion. One may feel twisting, splitting, pressure or a pricking sensation in the chest.

Pittaj hridroga

In this type, a person suffers from both local and whole-body burning sensations, excessive thirst, sucking pain and the heart feels exhausted with exertion, fainting, dryness in the mouth alongside perspiration and heat.

Kaphaj hridroga

In this type, a person feels timidity and heaviness of the heart, excessive salivation, bradycardia, cough, fever and drowsiness.

Tridoshaj hriroga

This one is caused by the equal aggravation of all three doshas and therefore presents with a combination of symptoms from the other types.

Krumija hridroga

Spitting, nausea, pricking pain, drowsiness, pressure in the chest, anorexia and emaciation of the body are the signs for this type.

Signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease

The signs and symptoms according to Ayurveda are as follows:

Ruja (Pain)
Urshula (Pain in chest)
Aruchi (Anorexia)
Shwas (Dyspnoea)
Kasa (Cough)
Aasyavairasya (Bad taste)
Trishna (Thirst)
Vaivarnya (Discolouration)
Murcha (Syncope)
Hikka (Hiccough)
Kaphautklesha (Nausea)
Jwara (Fever)
Pramoh (Stupour)

Herbal solutions to improve cardiovascular health

Charak Samhita, the classical textbook of Ayurveda, mentions a group of ten herbs beneficial for the heart named as ‘hridya mahakashaya’ (8). The herbs are as follows:

Amaratak (Spondias mangifera)

Amra (Mangifera indica)

It is commonly known as mango and is a native to tropical Asia. The sour fruit of mango is beneficial for the heart and the ripened fruit is considered nourishing.

The chemical constituents include mangiferolic acid, mangiferin, and indicenol (11). Mangiferin is a potent antioxidant, immunomodulator, hypotensive, cardiotonic, anti-lipid peroxidator andantidiabetic as well as wound healer (12).

Amaratak (Spondias mangifera)

It is commonly known as wild mango and is distributed throughout South East Asian countries, Sri Lanka and India.

In Nepal, a study was conducted on 15 fruits and the study concluded that in comparison to Vitamin C, amaratak reported more free radical scavenging activity (13). The fruit of this plant also possesses a significant thrombolytic activity (14).

Lakucha (Artocarpus lakoocha)

It is known as monkey jack in English and badhal in Hindi. It possesses various pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antivirus etc. The chemical constituents include alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, lignins and glycosides (15) which are cardioprotective.

Karmarda (Carissa carandas)

It is frequently used as spices or condiments in pickles. It alleviates excess vata and pitta. Many studies have reported its antioxidant (nitric oxide, peroxide radicals and DPPH scavenging activity), anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic as well as cardiotonic activities(16).

Vrikshamla (Garcinia indica)

It is also known as kokum and its berries are lemon sized and usually pink to deep purple in colour. The chemical constituents include hydroxycitric acid, garcinol and anthocyanin. All these contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties (17). In Ayurveda, it is widely used in cardiac diseases, abdominal disorders, piles, sprue (a form of chronic malabsorption) etc.

Amlavetas (Garcinia pedunculata)

This plant is very versatile with respect to its pharmacological activities. The chief constituents are phenolic acid, benzophenones, flavonoids and xanthones. Because of these, it is used for a wide variety of health conditions, from indigestion and colic to cardiac diseases (18).

Azofaifo (Ziziphus jujuba)

Kola (Ziziphus jujuba)

It consists of seedless dried fruit pulp. The fruit is rich in minerals, vitamin C and sugar. It is a good digestive and appetizer. It has an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer effect. It contains vitamin A, vitamin B, P and C, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phosphate, iron and calcium. The fruit contains pectin-A as well (19). Many of these constituents have cardioprotective properties.

Badar (Ziziphus sativa)

The fruits from this plant can either be used fresh or as dried ripe fruits. Numerous studies have suggested its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anti-allergic, and wound-healing properties. The fruit also has digestive, tonic, laxative, and aphrodisiac actions and has been used to manage tuberculosis and blood-related diseases (20).

Dadim (Punica granate)

This fruit is commonly known as pomegranate. Its flesh reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The chemical constituents include flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, lignin, etc. This fruit is thought to strengthen the heart and purify the rakta dhatu.

Matulunga (Citrus medica)

The common name is citron and it contains flavonoids, ascorbic acid, pectin and phenolic compounds. The fruit and seeds are tonic to the heart. The extract from the fruit contains umbelliferone and the seeds contain limonol and limonin which have reported antioxidant activity (21).

Mechanism of hridya mahakshaya

According to Ayurveda, it is believed that amla rasa nourishes the heart (8). The fruits of all the aforementioned plants have an amla rasa.

In cardiovascular diseases, the causative factors can lead to the formation of ama which contaminates the rasa and aggravates the doshas, mainly vata. Amla rasa is known to balance the excess vata. It also pacifies ama.

Furthermore, arjuna, garlic, gokshura, amalaki and guggulu are also known to prevent or manage chronic heart conditions.

Holistic solutions

Wholesome diet for cardiovascular health

Puran ashali (old rice)
Patola (snake guard)
Mudga (green gram)
Kulatha (horse gram)
Karavellaka (bitter gourd)
Yava (barley)
Abhaya (chebulic myrobalan)
Dadima (pomegranate)
Purana kushmanda (old ash guard)
Eranda taila (castor oil)
Draksha (grapes)
Shunti (ginger)
Takram (buttermilk)
Lashuna (garlic)
Kushta (coccus)
Chandana (santalum)

Unwholesome diet and lifestyle

Tailam (saturated fats)
Overconsumption of kashaya rasa dravya (astringent foods) guru ahara (heavy to digest)
Ati atapa sevana (over-exposing body to sunlight)
Krodha (anger)
Parisrama (over-exertion)
Adhika maithunam (excessive sexual intercourse)
Adhika sambhashanam (excessive talking)
Chinta (excessive thinking)

Natural urges should not be suppressed.

References

Stewart, J., Manmathan, G., & Wilkinson, P. (2017). Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A review of contemporary guidance and literature. JRSM cardiovascular disease, 6, 2048004016687211.
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Cardiovascular diseases. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/
Health matters: Preventing cardiovascular disease. GOV.UK. (n.d.). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-matters-preventing-cardiovascular-disease/health-matters-preventing-cardiovascular-disease
Libby, P., Ridker, P. M., & Hansson, G. K. (2011). Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature, 473(7347), 317-325.
NHS. (n.d.-a). NHS choices. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/
Scott J. (2004). Pathophysiology and biochemistry of cardiovascular disease. Current opinion in genetics & development, 14(3), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2004.04.012
Athavale, V. B. (1999). Cardiology in Ayurdeva (Hrud-Vijnyana). Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan.
Charak Samhita. (2023b, March 6). Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya. Charak Samhita. https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya
Asthana, A. K., Asthana, M., & Sharma, P. (2018). PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE THROUGH AYURVEDA. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 6(4), 97-100.
Madhavan, J. (2018). Redefining the Scope of Ayurveda in Cardiology. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 6(5), 56-59.
Sharma, S., Rath, S. & Kotecha, M. (2017) Role of Hridya Mahakashay in Management of Stress. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(6) 562-571
Hasan, N. M., Al Sorkhy, M. A., & Al Battah, F. F. (2014). Ziziphus jujube (ennab) of the middle east, food and medicine. Unique J Ayurvedic Herb Med, 2(6), 7-14.
Chalise, J. P., Acharya, K., Gurung, N., Bhusal, R. P., Gurung, R., Skalko-Basnet, N., & Basnet, P. (2010). Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content in edible wild fruits from Nepal. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 61(4), 425-432.
Bora, N. S., Kakoti, B. B., Gogoi, B., & Goswami, A. K. (2014). Ethno-medicinal claims, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Spondias pinnata: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(4), 1138.
Krishnamurthy, S. R., & Sarala, P. (2013). Phytochemical studies of Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul. var. lakoocha Roxb. fruits collected from various altitudes of Central Western Ghats.
Arif, M., Kamal, M., Jawaid, T., Khalid, M., Saini, K. S., Kumar, A., & Ahmad, M. (2016). Carissa carandas Linn.(Karonda): An exotic minor plant fruit with immense value in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Asian J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci, 6(58), 14-19.
Swami, S. B., Thakor, N. J., & Patil, S. C. (2014). Kokum (Garcinia indica) and its many functional components as related to the human health: a review. Journal of food research and technology, 2(4), 130-142.
Sarma, R., Kumari, S., Elancheran, R., Deori, M., & Devi, R. (2016). Polyphenol rich extract of Garcinia pedunculata fruit attenuates the hyperlipidemia induced by high fat diet. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7, 294.
Hasan, N. M., Al Sorkhy, M. A., & Al Battah, F. F. (2014). Ziziphus jujube (ennab) of the middle east, food and medicine. Unique J Ayurvedic Herb Med, 2(6), 7-14.
Talib, M., Aslam, M., Ahmed, M. A., Qamar, M. W., Chaudhary, S. S., & Jamal, A. (2017). Unnab: A boon to herbal nutraceuticals. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy Medicine Bioallied Sciences, 131, 1-8.
Nagaraju, B., Anand, S. C., Ahmed, N., Chandra, J. N. S., Ahmed, F., & Padmavathi, G. V. (2012). Antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of Citrus medica Linn. fruit against ethanol induced ulcer in rats. Advances in Biological Research, 6(1), 24-29.

The post Cardiovascular health: An Ayurvedic perspective appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Mistletoe

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 11 Dec 2023 19:23:10 +0000

The post Mistletoe appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Shiitake mushroom

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 22 Nov 2023 20:11:25 +0000

The post Shiitake mushroom appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Oregano

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 18 Oct 2023 15:36:51 +0000

The post Oregano appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Marjoram

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 04 Oct 2023 11:08:03 +0000

The post Marjoram appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Basil

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 03 Oct 2023 20:04:16 +0000

The post Basil appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Lion’s mane

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 30 Aug 2023 17:31:11 +0000

The post Lion’s mane appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Chilli peppers

Jessika Thiele — Thu, 17 Aug 2023 07:55:51 +0000

The post Chilli peppers appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Yarrow

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 01 Jul 2023 15:50:41 +0000

The post Yarrow appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Cramp bark

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 27 Jun 2023 17:24:48 +0000

The post Cramp bark appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Barberry

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 27 Jun 2023 16:54:14 +0000

The post Barberry appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Garlic

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 03 Jun 2023 11:11:22 +0000

The post Garlic appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Rosehip

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 07 Feb 2023 19:16:19 +0000

The post Rosehip appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Schisandra

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 03 Dec 2022 15:25:38 +0000

The post Schisandra appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Maca

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 26 Sep 2022 18:30:23 +0000

The post Maca appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Red sage

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 09 Aug 2022 19:13:09 +0000

The post Red sage appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Raspberry

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 22 May 2022 09:13:31 +0000

The post Raspberry appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Black cohosh

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 21 May 2022 18:32:19 +0000

The post Black cohosh appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Saffron

Jessika Thiele — Thu, 12 May 2022 18:28:08 +0000

The post Saffron appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Elderflower

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 05 Mar 2022 17:16:31 +0000

The post Elderflower appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Cacao

Jessika Thiele — Sun, 23 Jan 2022 15:50:14 +0000

The post Cacao appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Black seed

Jessika Thiele — Sat, 08 Jan 2022 10:53:45 +0000

The post Black seed appeared first on Herbal Reality.

High blood pressure

Jessika Thiele — Fri, 17 Dec 2021 19:29:57 +0000

Chronic high blood pressure is most often asymptomatic. However, there are some symptoms that may indicate high blood pressure.

Understanding high blood pressure

Blood pressure is a measure of the driving force in the arteries that propels the blood to the tissues and organs. Ideally, someone has a blood pressure that is high enough to drive blood to the organs, but not so high that it puts excessive load on the heart and blood vessels (10).

There is a key difference between chronic and malignant high blood pressure, and it is chronic blood pressure that is discussed most commonly. However, malignant hypertension is an emergency, as it is characterised by the rapid rise of blood pressure, and can lead to cardiac failure. Chronic hypertension is a slow rise in blood pressure over a long period of time, and frequently has no symptoms though sometimes it can cause headaches and other ‘heady’ sensations (14).

Blood pressure is measured in two numbers, one over the other (e.g. 118/76). The first number is a measure of the pressure in the arteries when the heart is in contraction, or beating. This is called the systolic pressure. The second number is a measure of the pressure in the arteries when the heart is not contracting, or between beats. This is called the diastolic pressure (2). Both the systolic and diastolic pressure inform the diagnosis of hypertension.

Chronic high blood pressure is a very common condition, with 1 in 4 people in England affected (2). The occurrence of hypertension increases with age, and half of people over 60 experience it (13). Socio-economic factors are significant in predicting outcomes as well, with people who are in more deprived areas 30% more likely to have high blood pressure than those who are in less deprived areas (2).

There are measures of blood pressure that are considered to be higher than normal. The blood pressure reading can be taken by a health provider, and high blood pressure should be assessed on the existence of other risk factors that the patient may have (13). There is however an increased acceptance and value of home blood pressure monitoring from health professionals. This is very useful in claiming back some autonomy over this condition, and makes it easier to introduce more self-management.

Optimal blood pressure	120/80
Mild hypertension	140/90
Moderate hypertension	160/100
Severe hypertension	180/110

Generally, 140/90mmHg or higher is considered to be hypertension. Or if you are over the age of 80 then 150/90mmHg or higher is considered high blood pressure. The ideal blood pressure is considered between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg (17).

The types of medication that are used to reduce high blood pressure are called anti-hypertensive drugs and there are several categories that are defined by their mechanisms of action. These drugs are selected on the bases of age, co-morbidities, and ethnic background as well as cost. Frequently, medications are combined (13).

Thiazide and other diuretics: These drugs inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, and a low dose is used for high blood pressure management (7).
ACE inhibitors: These drugs inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Their side effects include a cough, rash, and kidney dysfunction (13). They are frequently the type of medication initially prescribed for patients with high blood pressure, however they are not appropriate for pregnancy (7).
Angiotensin receptor blockers: These have similar effects to ACE inhibitors. Combining them with ACE inhibitors for controlling blood pressure is not recommended (7).
Calcium channel antagonists: These are considered well-tolerated and especially appropriate for patient over 55 who do not have Type 2 diabetes (7). Their side effects include flushing, palpitations, and fluid retention (13).
Beta-blockers: These drugs block receptors that are involved in vasodilation and bronchodilation. They are no longer routinely used as a first line therapy for hypertension (14).
Beta and alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists: These can be used when beta-blockers are not sufficiently effective. Labetalol is used for malignant hypertension (15).
Vasodilators: There are several drugs that act directly on the smooth muscle of the blood vessels. The side effects can be postural hypotension (dizzy on standing), headache, irregular or fast heart beat, and fluid retention (13).

How does blood pressure work?

Chronic high blood pressure may be classified as primary (or essential) or secondary. Secondary hypertension occurs when there is a clear cause of high blood pressure, such as kidney disease, endocrine disease, prescription medication, advanced atherosclerosis, or pre-eclampsia (10,11). Secondary hypertension accounts for approximately 5% of cases of chronic high blood pressure (13).

Primary, or essential, hypertension accounts for approximately 95% of cases of high blood pressure. This means that the specific cause of the condition is unclear. However, there are many environmental risk factors that may contribute to its development (13). These include exposure to chronic stress, obesity, a lack of physical activity and high alcohol or salt intake.

Understanding the root

The manner in which chronic primary high blood pressure develops is poorly understood, but is assessed in relation to the presence of risk factors. The modifiable risk factors are the types of risk factors that can be changed, such as high salt intake, high alcohol consumption, obesity, and a lack of exercise (13). Often, a high salt intake is due to high consumption of refined carbohydrates, which are also linked to co-morbidities such as insulin resistance. The link between chronic stress and high blood pressure is an area of study that is underway, but stress may also be a risk factor (4).

Other factors are non-modifiable, meaning that they cannot be changed. These are age, sex, and genetics. As people age, their blood pressure tends to rise. Females tend to have lower blood pressure than males until the age of 65. A family history of high blood pressure may increase risk (2).

A diagnosis of high blood pressure requires accurate blood pressure measurements, often over a period of time as blood pressure changes throughout the day. These readings are to be taken while assessing risk factors, and establishing whether there is an identifiable cause. Any damage that may have been caused to organs due to increased blood pressure must also be assessed, before determining a therapeutic route (13).

There are several complications of chronic high blood pressure, which treatment seeks to address. Because of the internal pressure of the arteries and blood vessels, the heart must work harder and damage may occur to the vessel wall. This may lead to stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. Damage may also occur to vascular organs, which may include kidney failure (10,13).

Signs and symptoms

Chronic high blood pressure is most often asymptomatic (13). However, there are some symptoms that may indicate high blood pressure. These symptoms may indicate another pathology, so it is important to seek the advice a medical professional if any of these symptoms are present.

Shortness of breath
Blurred vision
Nosebleeds
Chest pain
Dizziness (3)

Herbal solutions

Mistletoe in a basket (Viscum album)

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been shown to reduce high blood pressure, likely due to one of its active constituents, allicin (8).

Celery seed (Apium graveolens) is a known herbal diuretic. One study found that a powder of the seeds lowered blood pressure (11).

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) helps support tissues such as blood vessels, and moderate stress responses.

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) has a long history of supporting the heart and circulatory system.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is used to support circulation, especially cerebral and peripheral circulation. Its effects on hypertension are inconclusive (15).

Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) has been studied extensively for its ability to lower blood pressure, with positive results in lowering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (9).

Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is an Ayurvedic herb that is also known in the Western tradition for its ability to assist in stress responses. It may aid in lowering blood pressure.

Olive leaf (Olea europea) acts as a vasodilator and may help in cases of hypertension.

Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) has a long history of use in India, with evidence of lowering blood pressure. The toxicity of this herb has been debated, and it is endangered so should not be used (5).

Limeflower (Tilia spp.) is a relaxing herb that also relaxes the blood vessels.

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) is supportive of the circulatory system, especially peripheral circulation.

Mistletoe (Viscum album) leaves are used to reduce blood pressure as it shows some vasodilation activity (12). Note that the berries are toxic, and should not be consumed.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) supports peripheral circulation.

A herbalist will take a full case history to determine the primary factors contributing to high blood pressure for the patient and make a holistic and personalised formula. For example, if chronic high stress is a dominant piece of the patient’s picture, for example, adaptogens and nervines will feature strongly in the formula (such as gotu kola or limeflower).

Holistic solutions

Mild hypertension may be alleviated by dietary and lifestyle changes. Additionally, the dose or the number of anti-hypertensive drugs may be reduced (13). All treatment for high blood pressure should be alongside lifestyle recommendations (7).

Restrict salt intake

Salt is involved in several processes that may contribute to blood pressure control. A lower salt diet has been shown to improve blood pressure parameters in those with hypertension (1).

The Mediterranean or DASH Diet

The Mediterranean Diet is based on the lifestyle and food choices of those living in the Mediterranean. The diet has a high amount of fruit, vegetables, pulses, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat, as well as low consumption of red meat and alcohol. The DASH Diet is considered the diet of choice for those diagnosed with hypertension. The diet increases intake of fruit and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and reduces intake of saturated fats. Both have been found to have a favourable effect on blood pressure (6).

Regular exercise

Moderate aerobic exercise performed for 30 minutes a day, four days per week can help reduce blood pressure (9). Those with a higher fitness level are less likely to develop hypertension. Weight loss in cases of obesity is also correlated to a reduction in blood pressure (5).

Limit alcohol consumption

Alcohol intake has a direct correlation to blood pressure, and excess alcohol intake may be responsible for up to 30% of hypertension cases (6). A maximum of one drink per day is recommended for those over 65 years old, and a maximum of two a day for those under 65 (9). However, non-drinkers have been shown to have lower blood pressure than moderate drinkers, so a reduction in alcohol intake is always recommended for those with hypertension (6).

Quit smoking

The nicotine found in tobacco activates the sympathetic nervous system. This raises blood pressure (10).

Manage stress

Stress increases hormones like cortisol that in turn increase blood pressure. Although studies have conflicting results with how much stress is correlated with chronically high blood pressure, introducing healthy management strategies may help manage blood pressure through reducing unhealthy coping mechanisms such as drinking or smoking (6). Other stress management techniques, such as meditation, breathwork practices, and movement such as yoga or qigong may also be employed to benefit. Breathing practices in particular have shown evidence to help lower blood pressure (16). Integrating holistic practices can be a powerful way to get to the root of an issue and prevent it occurring as frequently.

References

Grillo A, Salvi L, Coruzzi P, Salvi P, Parati G. Sodium Intake and Hypertension. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):1970. doi:10.3390/nu11091970
Health matters: combating high blood pressure. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-matters-combating-high-blood-pressure/health-matters-combating-high-blood-pressure. Published 2021. Accessed November 29, 2021.
High blood pressure – symptoms and treatment. Bhf.org.uk. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/risk-factors/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-and-treatment. Published 2021. Accessed November 29, 2021.
Liu M, Li N, Li W, Khan H. Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Res. 2017;39(6):573-580. doi:10.1080/01616412.2017.131790
Lobay D. Rauwolfia in the Treatment of Hypertension. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2015;14(3):40-46.
Mahmood S, Shah K, Khan T et al. Non-pharmacological management of hypertension: in the light of current research. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -). 2018;188(2):437-452. doi:10.1007/s11845-018-1889-8
NICE. BNF. https://www.nice.org.uk. Published 2021. Accessed November 30, 2021.
Ried K, Frank O, Stocks N, Fakler P, Sullivan T. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008;8(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2261-8-13
Serban C, Sahebkar A, Ursoniu S, Andrica F, Banach M. Effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2015;33(6):1119-1127. doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000585
Sherwood L. Human Physiology. Toronto: Cengage; 2018.
Tabassum N, Ahmad F. Role of natural herbs in the treatment of hypertension. Pharmacogn Rev. 2011;5(9):30. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79097
Tenorio F, del Valle L, González A, Pastelín G. Vasodilator activity of the aqueous extract of Viscum album. Fitoterapia. 2005;76(2):204-209. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2004.12.013
Walker B, Colledge N, Penman I, Ralston S. Davidson’s Principles And Practice Of Medicine. London: Elsevier Saunders; 2014.
Wilson K, Waugh A. Ross And Wilson Anatomy And Physiology In Health And Illness. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2010.
Xiong X, Liu W, Yang X et al. Ginkgo biloba extract for essential hypertension: A systemic review. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(10):1131-1136. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.024
Mourya, M. and Mahajan, A., 2009. Effect of Slow- and Fast-Breathing Exercises on Autonomic Functions in Patients with Essential Hypertension | The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. [online] The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Available at: <https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2008.0609> [Accessed 16 December 2021].
nhs.uk. 2021. High blood pressure (hypertension). [online] Available at: <https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/> [Accessed 16 December 2021].

The post High blood pressure appeared first on Herbal Reality.

California poppy

Jessika Thiele — Wed, 24 Nov 2021 08:48:32 +0000

The post California poppy appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Skullcap

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 23 Aug 2021 15:51:13 +0000

The post Skullcap appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Baikal skullcap

Jessika Thiele — Tue, 18 May 2021 08:24:14 +0000

The post Baikal skullcap appeared first on Herbal Reality.

Tulsi

Jessika Thiele — Mon, 12 Apr 2021 07:55:18 +0000

The post Tulsi appeared first on Herbal Reality.